FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2

2 Chem review Chemical bonding (its all about the electrons) water and polarity (like dissolves like) pH - acids and bases (7 is neutral) organic chemistry (4 bonds on every carbon)

3 Chemical Building Blocks Atoms- smallest functional unit of matter Elements/Isotopes (dif #s of neutrons) Molecules - covalently bonded atoms Compounds - mixed bonded atoms

4 Atomic Structure Proton +charge Neutron 0 Electron -

5 Atomic Properties Atomic Number Atomic Weight Moles

6 Chemical Bonds — Ionic

7 Chemical Bonds — Covalent

8 Chemical Bonds — Hydrogen

9 Chemical Reactions Catabolic - break down (usually gives off energy) Anabolic - build up (usually requires energy)

10 Important Biological Molecules Water

11 Important Biological Molecules Solutions/Colloids Acids/Bases

12 Organic Molecules — Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Polysaccharides

13 Organic Molecules — Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Polysaccharides

14 Organic Molecules — Lipids Triglycerides Phospholipids Sterols

15 Organic Molecules — Lipids

16 Organic Molecules — Proteins Amino Acids

17 Protein Structure Primary Secondary Tertiary

18 Protein Structure (cont.) Quaternary

19 Organic Molecules — Nucleic Acids Nucleotides

20 Organic Molecules — Nucleic Acids Nucleotides

21 Organic Molecules — Nucleic Acids Polymer structure

22 Functional groups Alcohol -OH Ether R-O-R Ester Ketone Aldehyde

23 3 Carbon molecules 1-propanol 2-propanol Alcohols Ethers Ethyl methyl ether Propanoic acid Esters Methyl ethanoate Ethyl methanoate Acids

24 3 Carbon molecules Aldehydes Amines Ketones propanal2-propanone propylamine ethylmethylamine trimethylamine Amides propanamide CHCH 3 NH 2 CH 3 isopropylamine

25 2 Carbon molecules AlcoholsEthers EstersAcids ethanol dimethyl ether ethanoic acid methyl methanoate Aldehydes ethanal No ketones are possible (3 C minimum) Ketones AminesAmides dimethylamine ethylamine ethanamide

26 4C carboxylic acids butanoic acid isobutanoic acid, 2-methylpropanoic acid

27 Chemistry and Microbiology Charges on Molecule/ pH Polarity of Molecule/Hydrophobicity RedOx/electron transfer

28 Change in pH effects charges

29 Like dissolves Like Nonpolar molecules

30 How Soap Works

31 ReDox (Reduction Oxidation)

32 ReDox (Reduction Oxidation)