Injuries and Joints cont’d Taping

Taping Taping is a form of strapping. It is a procedure that uses tape, attached to the skin, to physically keep in place muscles or bones at a certain position. This reduces pain and aids recovery. Taping is usually used to help recover from overuse and other injuries. Taping has many roles such as to support the ligaments and capsules of unstable joints by limiting excessive or abnormal anatomical movement. Taping also enhances proprioceptive feedback from the limb or joint. Finally taping can support injuries at the muscle-tendon units by compressing and limiting movement and secure protective pads, dressings and splints

Non-elastic and Elastic Adhesive Taping Historically an important part of athletic training Becoming decreasingly important due to questions surfacing concerning effectiveness Utilized in areas of injury care and protection Non-elastic and Elastic Adhesive Taping

Non-elastic White Tape Great adaptability due to: Uniform adhesive mass Adhering qualities Lightness Relative strength Help to hold dressings and provide support and protection to injured areas Come in variety of sizes (1”, 1 1/2” , 2”)

When purchasing the following should be considered: Tape Grade Graded according to longitudinal and vertical fibers per inch More costly (heavier) contains 85 horizontal and 65 vertical fibers Adhesive Mass Should adhere regularly and maintain adhesion with perspiration Contain few skin irritants Be easily removable without leaving adhesive residue and removing superficial skin Winding Tension Critically important If applied for protection tension must be even

Elastic Adhesive Tape Used in combination with non-elastic tape Good for small, angular parts due to elasticity as well as soft tissues that expand. Comes in a variety of widths (1”, 2”, 3”, 4”) Figure 8-15 © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Adhesive Tape: Preparation for Taping Skin surface should be cleaned of oil, perspiration and dirt Hair should be removed to prevent skin irritation with tape removal Tape adherent is optional Foam and skin lubricant should be used to minimize blisters and skin irritation Tape directly to skin Prewrap (roll of thin foam) can be used to protect skin in cases where tape is used daily Prewrap should only be applied one layer thick when taping and should be anchored proximally and distally Adhesive Tape: Preparation for Taping

Figure 8-16 A-E © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Rules for Tape Application Tape in the position in which joint must be stabilized Overlap the tape by half Avoid continuous taping Keep tape roll in hand whenever possible Smooth and mold tape as it is laid down on skin Allow tape to follow contours of the skin Start taping with an anchor piece and finish by applying a locking strip Where maximum support is desired, tape directly to the skin Do not apply tape if skin is hot or cold from treatments Selecting Proper Tape Width Acute angles = narrower tape Tearing tape Do not bend, twist or wrinkle tape Tearing should result in straight edge with no loose strands

Figure 8-18 Figure 8-19 Figure 8-17 © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Common Foot Taping Procedures © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Arch Technique 1 (to support weak arches) Figure 8-20 © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Arch Technique 2 (for longitudinal arch) Figure 8-21 © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Arch Technique 3 (X teardrop arch and forefoot support) Figure 8-22 © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Arch Technique 4 (fan arch support) Figure 8-23 © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

LowDye Technique (Management of fallen arch, pronation, arch strains and plantar fascitis) ( Figure 8-24 © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Sprained Toes Figure 8-25 © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Hallux Valgus Figure 8-26 © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Turf Toe (prevents excessive hyperextension of metatarsophalangeal joint) Figure 8-27 © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Hammer or Clawed Toes (reduces pressure of bent toes against shoes) Figure 8-28 © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Fractured Toes (splints injured to non-injured toe) Figure 8-29 © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Common Ankle Taping Procedures © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Closed Basket Weave (Gibney) Technique Used for newly sprained or chronically weak ankles Figure 8-30 © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Open Basket Weave Allows more dorsiflexion and plantar flexion, provides medial and lateral stability and room for swelling Used in acute sprain situations in conjunction with elastic bandage and cold application U-shaped felt pad can be used to provide focal compression Aids in controlling swelling

Continuous-Stretch Tape Technique Figure 8-32 Continuous-Stretch Tape Technique

Common Leg & Knee Taping Procedures © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Achilles Tendon (prevent Achilles over-stretching) Figure 8-33 Achilles Tendon (prevent Achilles over-stretching)

Collateral Ligament Figure 8-34 © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Rotary Taping for Knee Instability (provides stability following ACL & MCL injury) Figure 8-35 © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Knee Hyperextension (Prevent knee hyperextension, provide support to injured hamstring or slackened cruciate ligament) © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Patellofemoral Taping (McConnell technique) Helps to manage glide, tilt, rotation and anteroposterior orientation of patella Accomplished by passively taping patella into biomechanically correct position Also provides prolonged stretch to soft-tissue structures associated with dysfunction Patellofemoral Taping (McConnell technique)

© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Common Upper Extremity Taping Procedures © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Elbow Restriction (Prevents elbow hyperextension) Figure 8-42 & 43 © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Wrist Technique 1 (Mild wrist sprains and strains) Figure 8-44 © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Wrist Technique 2 (Protects and stabilizes badly injured wrist) Figure 8-45 © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Sprained Thumb (Provides support to musculature and joint) Figure 8-47 © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Finger and Thumb Checkreins Figure 8-49 Figure 8-48 © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Kinesio Taping Technique developed in Japan and widely used throughout Europe and Asia Can be stretched to 140% of original length Provides constant tension (shear) to the skin Therapeutic in that its effect occurs through activation of neurological and circulatory systems with movement Can be used immediately post and during rehab of injury Used for edema reduction, pain management, and inhibition/facilitation of motor activity © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Mechanism by which Kinesio Tape works Improving circulation and lymph by eliminating tissue fluid or bleeding beneath skin Correcting muscle function by strengthening weakened muscles Decreasing pain through neurological suppression Repositioning subluxed joints by relieving abnormal muscle tension Stimulates cutaneous mechanoreceptors through pressure and tension on skin, enhancing proprioception through cutaneous feedback Basic Application Principles Apply tape from origin to insertion without minimal tension for muscle support Should be applied from insertion to origin during rehabilitation Muscle is placed on gentle functional stretch with tape at ~10% of resting static length Can be worn for 3-4 days Latex free, cotton fabric Heat activated adhesive Comes in various sizes Athletic trainers indicate… It can provide support and stability Requires specialized training

Kinesio Taping for Plantar Fasciitis Figure 8-50 © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Kinesio Taping for Patellofemoral Pain Figure 8-51 © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Kinesio Taping for Low Back Strain Figure 8-52 © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Kinesio Taping for Shoulder Instability Figure 8-53