EMT Human Anatomy and Physiology

Objectives Identify and locate on the body the following topographic terms: anterior, posterior, midline, right and left, bilateral, proximal and distal. Describe anatomy and functions of the following major body systems: respiratory, circulatory, musculoskeletal, nervous, and endocrine.

Anatomical Position Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from body Figure 1.7a

Topography Anterior/Posterior Proximal/Distal Medial/Lateral Midaxillary Midline Midclavicular line Right/Left Note that text on graphic may be difficult to read.

Anatomic Positions Prone Supine

Anatomic Positions Trendelenburg’s position Fowler’s position

Organ Systems

Organ Systems

Organ Systems

Organ Systems

The Skin Protects the body from the environment Regulates body temperature Transmits information from environment to the brain

The Skeletal System Gives form to the body Protects vital organs Consists of 206 bones Acts as a framework for attachment of muscles Designed to permit motion of the body

The Skull Note that text on graphic may be difficult to read.

The Spinal Column Note that text on graphic may be difficult to read

The Thorax Note that text on graphic may be difficult to read

The Pelvis Note that text on graphic may be difficult to read

Lower Extremity Hip Thigh Knee Leg Ankle Foot Note that text on graphic may be difficult to read

The Upper Extremity Shoulder girdle Arm Elbow Forearm Wrist Hand Note that text on graphic may be difficult to read

Musculoskeletal System Gives the body shape Protects internal organs Provides for movement Consists of more than 600 muscles

Types of Muscle Skeletal (voluntary) muscle Attached to the bones of the body Cardiac muscle (involuntary) Own blood supply and electrical system Can tolerate blood supply interruptions for only a short time Smooth (involuntary) muscle Carry out the automatic muscular functions of the body

The Central Nervous System The nervous system controls the body’s voluntary and involuntary actions. Somatic nervous system regulates voluntary actions Autonomic nervous system controls involuntary body functions

Peripheral Nervous System Links the organs of the body to the central nervous system. Sensory nerves carry information from the body to the CNS. Motor nerves carry information from the CNS to the muscles of the body.

Endocrine System Complex message and control system Made up of 7 glands: adrenal, pituitary, testes, ovaries, thyroid, pancreas, parathyroid Glands produce and release hormones.

The Circulatory System Functions to supply oxygen and nutrients to tissues, organs, and cells Removes CO2 and waste products Comprised of heart, arteries, veins, arterioles, venules, and caprillaries Note that text on graphic may be difficult to read.

The Heart Four chambered, muscular organ that functions as a pump Involuntary muscle under it’s own blood supply and electrical system Note that text on graphic may be difficult to read

Blood Flow Through the Heart

Electrical Conduction System SA node AV node Purkinje fibers

Normal Heart Rates Adults 60 to 100 bpm Children 80 to 100 bpm Toddlers 100 to 120 bpm Newborns 120 to 140 bpm

Major Arteries Carotid Brachial Radial Femoral Popliteal

Components of Blood Plasma Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets

Circulatory System Physiology Pulse The wave of blood through the arteries formed when the left ventricle contracts Blood pressure Amount of force exerted against walls of arteries Systole: Left ventricle contracts Diastole: Left ventricle relaxes Perfusion Circulation of blood within an organ or tissue If inadequate, the patient goes into shock

The Respiratory System Note that text on graphic may be difficult to read.

Diaphragm Has characteristics of both voluntary and involuntary muscles Dome-shaped muscle Divides thorax from abdomen Contracts during inhalation Relaxes during exhalation

Respiratory Physiology Inspiration Active process Chest cavity expands Intrathoracic pressure falls Air flows in until pressure equalizes Expiration Passive process Chest cavity size decreases Intrathoracic pressure rises Air flows out until pressure equalizes

Respiratory Process O2 & CO2 Exchange Oxygen-rich air is delivered to alveoli with inspiration. Oxygen diffuses into the blood. The body does not use all the inhaled oxygen. Note that text on graphic may be difficult to read.

Control of Breathing Brain stem controls breathing. Increases breathing rate if the carbon dioxide level in blood becomes too high Hypoxic drive is a “backup system.” Activates when oxygen levels fall to stimulate breathing

Normal Breathing Characteristics Normal rate and depth Regular rhythm Good breath sounds in both lungs Regular rise and fall movements in the chest Easy, not labored

Normal Breathing Rates Adults 12-20 Breaths per minute Child 15-30 Breaths per minute Infant 25-50 Breaths per minute Neonates 40-70 Breaths per minute

Inadequate Breathing Irregular rhythm Labored breathing Muscle retractions Pale or cyanotic skin Cool, clammy skin Fast or slow rate

Infant and Child Anatomy Structures less rigid Airway smaller Tongue proportionally larger Dependent on diaphragm for breathing

The Abdomen The abdomen is the second major body cavity. It contains the major organs of digestion and excretion.

Abdominal Quadrants

Digestive System Processes food to provide nutrition to the cells Comprised of mouth, saliva glands, pharynx, esophagus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, stomach, intestines, rectum, anus

Urinary System Filters and controls discharge of waste materials from body Blood pressure control (kidneys) Comprised of kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

Male Reproductive System

Female Reproductive System

QUESTIONS?