The New Deal

FDR OFFERS RELIEF 1b, 2c, 6a

KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE Franklin D. Roosevelt Eleanor Roosevelt New Deal Fireside Chat FDIC TVA CCC NRA PWA Charles Coughlin Huey Long

FDR Offers Relief and Recovery Franklin D. Roosevelt ◦ Democrat ◦ Wins the election of 1932 The New Deal ◦ FDR’s plan to combat the Depression The First 100 Days ◦ Proposed and passed 15 bills ◦ Three Goals  Relief, Recovery, Reform

Fireside Chats Banking Crisis when FDR takes office ◦ Bank runs caused banks to collapse FDR used the radio to communicate with the American people ◦ Known as fireside chats ◦ Promoted his New Deal policies

Reforming the Financial System FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) ◦ Insured banking deposits up to $5,000 ◦ Restored people’s faith in the banking system SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission) ◦ Regulated the stock market ◦ Had to provide proof of profits

Farmers Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) ◦ Paid farmers subsidies to not plant acres of crops or to destroy crops ◦ This would deplete the supply, therefore driving the price of crops upward

Rural Southerners Receive Help Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) ◦ Built a series of dams in the Tennessee River Valley to control floods and generate electricity

Relief and Industrial Reform Civilian Conservation Corp (CCC) ◦ Provided jobs for young men  Planting forests, digging ditches, etc  Environmental jobs Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA) ◦ Federal funds to help the unemployed National Recovery Administration (NRA) ◦ Codes of fair competition, established minimum wages and maximum prices Public Works Administration (PWA) ◦ Provided jobs in infrastructure Works Progress Administration (WPA) ◦ Provided jobs for writers and artists

Opposition to the New Deal The Rights Says “Too Much” ◦ New Deal makes the government too powerful Left says “not enough” ◦ not helping enough people ◦ African Americans in particular

THE SECOND NEW DEAL 1b, 2c, 5b, 6a

KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE Second New Deal WPA John Maynard Keynes Pump Priming Social Security Act Wagner Act Collective Bargaining Fair Labor Standards Act CIO Sit-down Strikes Court Packing

Extending Social and Economic Reform The Second New Deal ◦ FDR’s second term as president ◦ Problems of the elderly, poor, and unemployed ◦ Helped farmers ◦ Public-works projects ◦ Protected workers’ rights

New Programs Provide Jobs Works Progress Administration (WPA) ◦ Much like the PWA ◦ Difference was it provided jobs for people such as writers and paid artists New Deal Programs were expensive ◦ Government paid for them with money they didn’t actually have  This is called deficit spending ◦ John Keynes: economists  Argued that deficit spending was needed to end the Depression  PUMP PRIMING: Putting people to work=more money in their hands=more money spent on goods=stimulated economy

Social Security Pension system for the elderly Unemployment insurance

More Aid to Farmers Rural Electrification Act (REA) ◦ Loaned money to electric utility companies to build power lines and bring electricity to rural areas

Labor Unions Wagner Act ◦ Recognized the right of workers to join a labor union ◦ Collective Bargaining  Employers had to negotiate about hours, wages, etc Fair Labor Standards Act ◦ Established a minimum wage ◦ Minimum hours work week ◦ Outlawed child labor

Workers Use Their New Rights Congress of Industrial Organizations(CIO) ◦ More diverse than the AFL ◦ Used sit-down strike: refuse to leave the workplace until a settlement is reached

Challenges to the New Deal Supreme Court Opposes ◦ Ruling FDR’s programs “unconstitutional” FDR “packs the court” ◦ He added 6 new justices that believed in his plan ◦ No more New Deal Programs were overturned

FDR’s Setbacks FDR lost political support when he “packed the court” ◦ Some believed he was abusing his power as president 1935 and 1936 there was an economic downturn ◦ Democrats suffered in the Congressional elections

EFFECTS OF THE NEW DEAL 1b, 1c, 4f

KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE Black Cabinet Mary Mcleod Bethune Indian New Deal New Deal Coalition Welfare State

Women Help Lead the New Deal Eleanor Roosevelt ◦ First Lady ◦ Used her position to further women’s cause ◦ She toured the nation representing the President (he had polio and could not walk) New Deal Programs not designed to help women

African Americans Make Advances and Face Challenges Black Cabinet: FDR invited African Americans to advise him ◦ Robert Weaver, Mary McLeod Bethune New Deal did not greatly reduce racial injustice ◦ Example: FDR refused to support anti- lynching legislation for fear of losing support of the New Deal in the South Programs, like the WPA, paid African Americans less than whites

The New Deal Affects Native Americans The Indian Reogranization Act 1934 ◦ Restored control of their lands to Native Americans The Bureau of Indian Affairs ◦ Stopped discouraging Native Americans from practicing their traditional religions and observing other aspects of their culture

New Deal Coaltion FDR’s policies brought together an unlikely group of Americans ◦ Southern whites, northern blue-collar workers, poor midwestern farmers, and African Americans ◦ Came together because they worked together in the New Deal Programs  Gave the Democrats a majority in both houses

The Role of Government Expands New Deal programs greatly increased the size and scope of the government The New Deal did not END the Depression, but it did help restore the American economy New Deal broke away from traditional laissez-faire ◦ Some accused FDR of supporting socialism

Creating a Welfare State Welfare State ◦ A government that assumes the responsibility for providing for the welfare of the children, the poor, the elderly, sick, disabled, and unemployed

The Federal Government Grew Federal government took responsibility for restoring and controlling the U.S. economy Employed those who needed jobs with public works projects ◦ Raised the standard of living Spurred industry Helped farmers Helped rural dwellers Became a welfare state

CULTURE OF THE 1930S 7a, 7c, 7d

KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE Frank Capra Federal Aft Project Mural Dorothea Lange John Steinbeck Lillian Hellman

Movies and Radio Entertainment became big business in the 1930s Movies were a means of an escape from the Depression Radio comedies, soap operas, detective series, and dramas Music ◦ Swing, blues, and folk music

The New Deal and the Arts Supporting the Arts ◦ WPA  artists, writers, actors and musicians  All worked on the Federal Art Project ◦ Photographers  Hired by the government to document the lives of farmers and migrant workers  Dorothea Lange is a famous photographer from this time

Literature John Steinbeck: Of Mice and Men and The Grapes of Wrath Richard Wright ◦ Black writer ◦ Criticized discrimination