Nucleic Acids 7.3 Translation.

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Presentation transcript:

Nucleic Acids 7.3 Translation

Recap video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nHM4UUVHPQM

The Structure of the Ribosome Proteins and RNA molecules (rRNA) 2 sub-units (large and small) 3 binding sites for tRNA on the surface: E = exit site P = peptidyl site A = aminoacyl site 2 tRNA molecules can bind at the same time to the ribosome Binding site for the mRNA on the surface

The Structure of the Ribosome Protein database http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/home/home.do

Structure of tRNA Loops: sections that become double stranded by base pairing Base sequence CCA forms a site for attaching amino acid Anti-codon: triplet of bases Part of a loop of 7 unpaired bases

tRNA activating enzymes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KThCr1XdUGw

Initiation of Translation To begin translation: An mRNA molecule binds to the small ribosomal subunit at the mRNA binding site An initiator tRNA carrying Methionine (MET) binds to the start codon “AUG” in the “P-site” The large ribosomal subunit binds to the small one

Initiation of Translation The next codon signals another tRNA to bind in the “A-site” A peptide bond is formed between the amino acids in the P and A sites

Elongation Following initiation The ribosome translocates 3 bases along the mRNA Moving the tRNA in the “P-site” to the “E-site” This tRNA is set free A new tRNA with the correct anticodon binds to the next codon in the “A-site” This series of steps repeats

Termination of Translation The process continues until a stop codon is reached The polypeptide is released The components disassemble Note: direction of movement from 5’ to 3’

What does 5’ to 3’mean?

Free Ribosomes Free ribosomes synthesize proteins for use primarily within the cell

Bound Ribosomes Bound ribosomes synthesize proteins primarily for secretion or for use in lysosomes

Free vs Bound Ribosomes Proteins perform specific functions. They must be sorted to go to the correct location. Whether a ribosome is free in the cytosol or bound to the ER depends on a signal sequence in the polypeptide The signal sequence is at the beginning of the polypeptide

Free vs Bound Ribosomes As the signal sequence is made it becomes bound to a signal recognition protein Translation stops until the ribosome attaches to a receptor on the ER Translation begins again, with the polypeptide moving into the lumen of the ER.

Translation and Transcription in Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes Cellular function is compartmentalized No compartmentalization Modifications of mRNA after transcription before exiting nucleus No modifications Delay between transcription and translation No delay

Polysomes Polysomes are multiple ribosomes attached to a single mRNA molecule. Strings of polysomes attached to DNA molecule in a prokaryote

Polysomes In prokaryotes, multiple polysomes are visible associated with one gene. In eukaryotes, polysomes occur on the cytoplasm and next to the ER. Multiple ribosomes translating a single mRNA molecule with the cytoplasm. The polypeptides are longer the closer to the end of the mRNA.