Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center Brian Polagye NW National Marine Renewable Energy Center Tidal Energy: Status and Trends Northwest Fisheries Science Center December 8, 2009

Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center Tidal Hydrokinetic Turbines 001, ,NWFSC.ppt  Superficial resemblance to wind turbines  Power proportional to velocity cubed  Key operational differences Higher fluid density Lower fluid speed Higher torque

Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center Other Forms of Marine Energy 002, ,NWFSC.ppt Tidal BarrageWave Hydrokinetic  Ocean Current  Ocean Thermal  Salinity Gradient  Offshore Wind

Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center Resource Devices Environmental Risks

Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center National Resource Localization 005, ,NWFSC.ppt  Utility-scale resources in only a few locations  Technically recoverable resource estimated ~9 GW average electrical power Aleutian Islands Cook Inlet Southeast Alaska Puget Sound Maine

Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center Regional Resource Localization 006, ,NWFSC.ppt Admiralty Inlet Agate Passage Rich Passage Tacoma Narrows Guemes Channel Deception Pass San Juan Channel Race Rocks Rosario Strait  Constrictions separating large bodies of water

Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center Site Resource Localization 007, ,NWFSC.ppt

Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center Resource Summary 009, ,NWFSC.ppt  Intense: 3-4 m/s peak velocity  Predictable: Gravitational forcing  Load Proximity  Localized  Intermittent: 4 peaks per day /  

Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center Resource Devices Environmental Risks

Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center Industry Status 010, ,NWFSC.ppt  Many device concepts and laboratory tests  Very limited at-sea testing ―Long regulatory process ―High execution cost ―Limited funding conduct at-sea trials  Only two at-sea test centers for tidal hydrokinetics ―European Marine Energy Center (EMEC) (Orkney Islands, Scotland) ―Fundy Ocean Research Centre (FORCE) (Minas Passage, Canada)

Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center Verdant Power 011, ,NWFSC.ppt Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy project  Only US demonstration to date  Only array demonstration in the world 5 m diameter rotor (33 kW rating) Gearbox/Generator Passive yaw Drilled pile foundation

Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center Clean Current 012, ,NWFSC.ppt Race Rocks demonstration project  Offsets diesel load at lighthouse and marine science facility Bi-directional diffuser Permanent magnet generator Drilled pile foundation 3 m diameter rotor

Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center Clean Current - Biofouling 013, ,NWFSC.ppt 6 months deployment BeforeAfter

Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center Open Hydro 014, ,NWFSC.ppt European Marine Energy Center  First device tested at EMEC Surface piercing pile Drilled pile Permanent magnet generator 6 m diameter rotor Lift

Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center Open Hydro 015, ,NWFSC.ppt Fundy Ocean Research Center  First device tested at FORCE  Partnership with Nova Scotia Power Gravity base 10 m 20 m

Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center Marine Current Turbines 016, ,NWFSC.ppt Strangford Lough demonstration  First grid connected, utility- scale device 3m diameter Rotor (2 x 16m diameter, 1.2 MW rating) Gearbox/Generator Support pile Support “wing” Service platform and electronics

Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center Marine Current Turbines 017, ,NWFSC.ppt  Inspection boat running against current as support wing is raised  Inspection/maintenance boarding around slack water

Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center Device Configuration and Scale 018, ,NWFSC.ppt Open Hydro (FORCE) MCT (Strangford) Open Hydro (EMEC) Verdant Power (RITE)

Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center Device Technical Challenges 020, ,NWFSC.ppt  Reliability – unplanned maintenance incurs high cost  Survivability – harsh operating environments  Biofouling – biologically active environments  Deep water installation – most sites deeper than 40 m

Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center Resource Devices Environmental Risks

Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center Environmental Risks 021, ,NWFSC.ppt  Effects on aquatic species  Avoidance  Aggregation  Strike  Near-field environment  Noise (device, vessels)  Wake (sediment transport)  Hard substrate (artificial reef)  EMF  Toxicity (coatings, lubricants)  Far-field environment  Circulation  Nearshore environment  Water quality

Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center Project Learnings? 022, ,NWFSC.ppt Verdant Power Clean Current Open Hydro MCT  Active acoustics for fish observation  Colonization  Installation disturbance in water and on land  Video monitoring for fish observation  Passive acoustics for noise  Sonar observation of marine mammals  Data are proprietary to Verdant Power  Data are proprietary to Clean Current  Data are proprietary to Open Hydro  Data are proprietary to MCT

Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center Monitoring Challenges 023, ,NWFSC.ppt  Species specific tracking Active acoustics: data interpretation and analysis Passive acoustics: only when vocalizing/echolocating Acoustic tags: only tagged species, requires field of receivers Video: lighting attracts species  Instrument limitations Stand-alone instrumentation: power, storage, and comms Cabled instrumentation: survivability and reliability  Sharing of data between projects Applicability of data: distinct species/habitats Willingness to share Technical challenges to share: transfer terrabytes of data

Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center Puget Sound Demonstration Projects 024, ,NWFSC.ppt Snohomish PUD/Open Hydro US Navy/Verdant Clean Current  Technology  Economics  Environmental risks