Titration of a weak acid with a strong base pH calculations 1. Before base addition 2. From first base addition until just before equivalence point 3.

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Titration of a weak acid with a strong base pH calculations 1. Before base addition 2. From first base addition until just before equivalence point 3. At equivalence point

Titration of a weak acid with a strong base pH calculations 4. Beyond equivalence point

Determine the pH of 50.00mL of a solution of 0.25M formic acid before, after, and during titration with 0.050M NaOH

Deviations to Beers Law A.Chemical: 1.) In sufficiently high concentrations of solution, adjacent molecules are close enough that absorption by 1 molecule affects the charge distribution of its neighbors

Deviations to Beers Law 2. Refractive Index 3. Equilibrium considerations

Instrumental Deviations 1. Polychromatic radiation

Instrumental deviations to Beers Law continued 2. Stray radiation