We cannot stop climate change without changing our mobility. First Thesis We cannot stop climate change without changing our mobility.

Second Thesis Mobility is too cheap in Europe – environmentally-friendly transport modes are too expensive. This is due to political will.

Third Thesis The EU is part of the solution: Fair competition across transport modes would enable sustainable transport modes to exploit their competitiveness.

The EU' Targets for 2020 20% reduction of greenhouse gas missions 20% of EU’s energy from renewable resources 20% improvement of energy efficiency

Where We Stand Now Increase of CO2 -emissions Weak connection between economy and ecology Modal shift in the wrong direction: share of air and road transport increases, share of rail and waterway decreases Unfair competition between different transport modes Transport planning with wrong priorities („think big“)

CO2 Emissions by Sector (2008) Transport counts for almost 30% oft CO2 emissions in the EU Whereas ROAD transport has the biggest part oft all emissions ca 72 %. 6

Development CO2 Emissions Since 1990

Initial Situation Cars per 1,000 inhabitants

Mandatory Rail Charge in Europe Cars per 1,000 inhabitants Especially member states without a highway toll system charge railway toll

Non-Mandatory Road Charge for Lorries In Switserland: road charge for lorries is 4 times higher than in Germany It applies to all streets and to all trucks above 3.5t Increase of consumers' costs: merely 0.5%

International train traffic is taxed, international flights are not Tax Disadvantages International train traffic is taxed, international flights are not

Distorted Competition in the Air No kerosene tax (14bn EUR subsidies per year) No Value Added Tax on international flights (16bn EUR/year) Weak integration in EU Emissions Trading Scheme (85% for free) and only since 2012 No charges on air corridors (with the exception of Siberia) In case of delays: reimbursement after 3 hours 12

Priviliges for Maritime Transport Inland navigation No fuel taxation Mostly no charges on waterways Heavy investments despite existing excess capacities Maritime transport Using heavy oil (hazardous waste incinerator without filters) Weak emission limits by International Maritime Organization As of 2015: 0,1% in control zones (Baltic and North sea, English Channel) As of 2020: 0,5% for all EU bodies of water Not integrated into emission trading system 13

“The Future of our Mobility” EU Commission Commission 2011 White Paper on transport: Until 2030: -20% CO2 emmissions compared to 2008 Until 2050: -60% compared to 1990 EU Parliament Resolution on White Paper: -20% compared to 1990 by 2020! 14

How does this relate to urban mobility? EU climate goals 20-20-20 targets

Facts on Urban Mobility By 2050, 84% of the EU population will live in cities In cities, transport is responsible for: 40% of all CO2 emissions 70% of all emissions which are harmful to the climate Most trips start or end in cities By 2060, 30% of all EU citizens will be older than 60 years (today: 17%)

Less inhabitants, 26 times larger surface Atlanta – Barcelona Die Emission von Treibhausgasen aus dem Verkehr in Europa steigt absolut und prozentual. Der CO2-Ausstoß hat von 1990 bis 2005 im Durchschnitt um gut zwei Prozent zugenommen. Im Verkehrsbereich lag die Zunahme bis 2005 bei gut 26 Prozent, mittlerweile bei 35 Prozent. Alle anderen Sektoren haben ihre Emissionen um 9,5 Prozent gesenkt. Less inhabitants, 26 times larger surface 17

30 km/h Speed Limit as a Rule! Report of the European Parliament on European road safety 2011-2020 (Rapporteur: Dieter-Lebrecht Koch) The European Parliament “54. Strongly recommends the responsible authorities to introduce speed limits of 30 km/h in residential areas and on all one-lane roads in urban areas which have no separate cycle lane, with a view to protecting vulnerable road users more effectively;” Accepted by a large majority! 18

30km/h Speed Limit: Clear Benefits More safety… Breaking distance: 14m instead of 28m 42% less accidents Fatality risk: 10% instead of 80% Higher acceptance Enviroment and costs…. Emissions: -12% Noise: -3db(A) = halving noise Less road signs, more clarity More life quality… More space for children, pedestrians, cyclists and public transport Less stress Almost no loss of time… Only 10-20 sec. More per km Berlin: average speed of cars at 19 km/h! 19

30km/h Speed Limit: Progresses European citizens' initiative: European Citizen's Initiative. Goal = 1 Million signatures by 14.11.2013 Others led the way: Graz (AT), Pontevedra (ES), the French city network “Ville 30,” and Liverpool (UK) New York City becomes “New Walk City” 20

Bicycles as an Alternative Source: Cramer, M. (2006): Fahrradnutzung in Europa, page 2 90% of car journeys in cities are shorter than 6km 30% are shorter than 3km 10% are shorter than 1km!

More Cyclists – More Safety

Sustainable Use of Financial Resources? Hungary is leading the way: it uses 2% of EU funding for cycling!

The Greens' Position on the Use of EU Transport Funding 40% (at least) for rail 20% (maximum) for road 15% (at least) for hiking & biking Only the 40% goal found a majority in the European Parliament

Costly, Lengthy, and Useless Big Projects: Costly, Lengthy, and Useless Brenner-Base-Tunnel Lyon-Turin-Tunnel Fehmarnbelt-Tunnel Koralm-Tunnel Semmering-Tunnel Stuttgart 21

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Thank you very much for your attention! Soft Mobility 2nd edition Measures for a climate-friendly transport policy in Europe 48 pages, 7 tables und 15 images. You can obtain the brochure @ www.michael-cramer.eu