AP Biology Discussion Notes Thursday 9/11/2014

Goals for Today 1. Be able to define functional groups and understand the difference they can make in a molecule. 2.Be able to describe the way that polymers and built and taken apart 3.Be able to describe the characteristics of Lipids & Carbohydrates.

Question of the Day 9/11/2014 What are proteins made of? What are __________ made of? (2 key parts)

Amino Acids - building blocks of proteins Amine Group Carboxyl Group “AMINO” End “ACID” End

Organic Chemistry - the chemistry of _________ All organic compounds contain: ____

Organic Chemistry - the chemistry of Life All organic compounds contain carbon, but not all carbon-containing compounds are organic!

Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks These small building-block molecules are called monomers Three of the four classes of life’s organic molecules are polymers –Carbohydrates –Proteins –Nucleic acids © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

A dehydration synthesis occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule Polymers are disassembled to monomers by hydrolysis, a reaction that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction The Synthesis and Breakdown of Polymers © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Animation: Polymers Right-click slide / select “Play”

Figure 5.2a (a) Dehydration reaction: synthesizing a polymer Short polymer Unlinked monomer Dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a new bond. Longer polymer

Figure 5.2b (b) Hydrolysis: breaking down a polymer Hydrolysis adds a water molecule, breaking a bond

The Diversity of Polymers Each cell has thousands of different macromolecules (ex. Proteins) How are so many proteins built with so few (~___) monomers? HO

Carbohydrate building

Functional Groups Functional Groups are “appendages”, or “add-ons” that are found on lots of organic molecules. Each one has specific properties.

Species of the Day 9/8: Milkweed Tussock Moth Caterpillar : Euchaetes egle. Through what process are the proteins in this caterpillar broken down? Through what process are the proteins reformed into the proteins of the moth?

Species of the Day 9/11: -.-.

Monarch: Danaus plexippus. Monarch caterpillars feed on Milkweed plants which contain high levels of cardenolides, a steroid toxin. This chemical acts as an non-competitive inhibitor of sodium/potassium enzyme pumps in animal cell membranes. What kind of enzyme is the sodium potassium pump?