Chemistry Basics Element- made of only one kind of atom. The number of protons determines what the element is called. In an atom, the number of protons and electrons are equal. The same element will always have a set number of protons. The number of neutrons may vary. These are called isotopes. Electrons may also vary. These are called ions.

Chemistry Basics The ion is determined by the number of electrons in the outer shell or orbit. These are called valence electrons. If an atom gains electrons, it becomes negatively charged. If an atom loses electrons, it becomes positively charged.

Chemistry Basics Bonds- joining two or more atoms together Ionic bond- formed by joining two ions together Covalent bond- formed by the sharing of electrons Example: NaCl Example: C 6 H 12 O 6

Ionic Bond

Covalent Bond

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates: Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (CHO) Covalent bonds For every 1 oxygen atom, there are 2 hydrogen atoms 4 types of Carbohydrates: Sugar Starch/Glycogen Cellulose Chitin

Carbohydrates: Sugar

Carbohydrates: Sugars Sugar 1) Monosaccharides: simple sugars that may contain 5 or 6 carbon atoms. Examples: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose These simple sugars are made in plant cells. They have the same empirical or molecular formula: C 6 H 12 O 6. Their structural formulas are different.

Monosaccharide: Examples Monosaccharides Glucose Galactose Fructose

Monosaccharides Structural formulas allow you to visualize the molecule. Notice, even though these molecules all have the same number of each atom, they look different. Holt, Modern Biology pentagon

Sugar: Type 2) Disaccharides DisaccharidesDi = two saccharide =sugar Two simple sugars form one molecule of a double sugar. One molecule of water is given off. This is called a dehydration synthesis reaction or a condensation reaction. De = take away hydro = water (from mono’s) for synthesis = putting together (building or making something) Condensation: the formation of water

Sugar: Disaccharides Disaccharides Maltose Sucrose Lactose

Glucose + glucose maltose + water C 6 H 12 O 6 + C 6 H 12 O 6 C 12 H 22 O 11 + H 2 O Dehydration synthesis- take away water to put a molecule together Holt, Modern Biology Disaccharides Maltose is found in germinating seeds like barley.

Disaccharides Glucose + fructose sucrose + water C 6 H 12 O 6 + C 6 H 12 O 6 C 12 H 22 O 11 + H 2 O Sucrose is common table sugar. It is found in sugar cane and sugar beets. Dehydration synthesis- take away water to put a molecule together

Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation) Prentice Hall, Biology

Sugar: Disaccharides Lactose is milk sugar, found in the milk of mammals. C 6 H 12 O 6 + C 6 H 12 O 6 C 12 H 22 O 11 + H 2 O Glucose + galactose lactose + water Dehydration synthesis- take away water to put a molecule together

Nutrition: Digestion When we eat carbohydrates, the molecules are broken apart to form simple sugars. Where does the digestion of carb’s begin? What is the name of the enzyme? In addition to enzymes, what else is needed for this process to occur? The process is called hydrolysis: hydro=water, lysis=break down or apart

Hydrolysis of Maltose Prentice Hall, Biology

Hydrolysis of Sucrose Prentice Hall, Biology

Polysaccharides Polysaccharides are large molecules formed by joining monosaccharides. Poly = many Starch/Glycogen Cellulose Chiten

How to Make a Polysaccharide Slap together three or more mono’s / Dehydration Synthesis

Polysaccharide: Starch Starch is a polysaccharide made up of glucose connected in branched chains. Each time a glucose molecule is added, one water molecule is removed (dehydration synthesis). There may be 500 to many thousands of glucose molecules joined to form a starch molecule. Examples: potatoes,corn, rice, wheat, and other grains.

Polysaccharide: Glycogen Glycogen is animal starch. It is made of highly branched chains of glucose molecules. It is made in the liver and stored in the liver and muscles. When extra energy is needed, the liver converts glycogen into glucose.

Polysaccharide: Glycogen (From an animal)

Polysaccharide: Cellulose Cellulose is a large polysaccharide made of chains of glucose molecules. It may contain as many as 3,000 glucose molecules. Cellulose forms a strong fibrous structure in plant cell walls. It gives the walls support.

Polysaccharide: Cellulose

We do not break down cellulose. For us, it is fiber. Cows use intestinal bacteria to break it down for them. This is an example of a mutualistic relationship.

Polysaccharide: Chitin Chitin is a polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton (outer skeleton) of insects, crabs, shrimps, and lobsters and in the internal structures of other invertebrates and in the cell walls of fungi. It has a nitrogen group added to the glucose.

REVIEW

Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Network Tree N

Carbohydrates StarchCellulose Sugar Monosaccharide Glucose Fructose Galactose Disaccharide Maltose Sucrose Lactose Polysaccharide Glycogen (C,H,O) Chitin N

Monosaccharides Structural formulas allow you to visualize the molecule. Notice, even though these molecules all have the same number of each atom, they look different. Holt, Modern Biology

Disaccharides: How are they put together? Glucose + glucose maltose + water C 6 H 12 O 6 + C 6 H 12 O 6 C 12 H 22 O 11 + H 2 O Dehydration synthesis- take away water to put a molecule together Glucose + fructose sucrose + water Glucose + galactose lactose + water

Dehydration Synthesis: What does it look like? Prentice Hall, Biology

Disaccharides: How do we digest them? Hydrolysis. Water is added to maltose in order to break it down into two glucose molecules. Of course, enzymes would control this process. Holt, Modern Biology

Review

Starch Glycogen Branched chains of glucose Stored for later, converted into glucose for respiration.. Big Plants Animals Compare and Contrast

Starch Cellulose glucose Polysaccharides Carbohydrates Branched chains Stored for later, converted into glucose for respiration. Big Straight Chains Found in plant cell walls Used for support Compare and Contrast