Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural Psychology The Family Centre 71 Woburn Rd, Lower Hutt Lecture two: Indigenous Psychology of Aotearoa / New Zealand July 16, 2007 Dr Paul Hirini V.U.W. Kelburn Campus March 30th & April 2nd, 2007

Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural Psychology Lecture two: An Indigenous psychology Culture and Meaning Development of Cultural Psychology Psychological Approaches to understanding Culture The Influence of Culture –The Aotearoa / New Zealand Context

Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural Psychology Attempts to Define Culture “System of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviours, and artefacts that the members of society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning”. “Culture is a shared, learned, symbolic system of values, beliefs and attitudes that shapes and influences perception and behaviour – an abstract “mental blueprint” or “mental code””.

Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural Psychology 1.The “Etic” approach – culture general Search for universal characteristics (i.e., comparative research, e.g., individualism & collectivism) 2.The “Emic” approach – culture specific Search for unique characteristics Example: Meaning and language N.Z. Māori concept / phenomenon of “Whakamaa” - DSM IV-TR “Culture-bound syndromes” 3.The “Indigenous” approach – culture specific (e.g., “Maori-centric”)

Growth of Cultural Psychology The Aotearoa / New Zealand Scene Jim & Jane Ritchie (1960 onward) Abbott, M. & Durie, M.H. (1987). A Whiter Shade of Pale: Taha Māori and Professional Psychology Training. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 16, Examination of NZ professional training programmes - monocultural / ethnocentric Māori Psychologists –Garrett (1965, educational psychologist) –Awatere (1970’s & 80’s, educational psychologist) –Durie (Psychiatrist / academic) 1990’s –MacFarlan-Nathan (Clinical / forensic) –Stewart (Clinical / academic psychologist) –Stanley (Academic psychologist) –Nikora (Academic psychologist) –Love (educational / counselling / academic psychologist) –Robertson (Clinical / academic) –Hirini (Clinical / academic) –Lawson-Te Aho (Academic psychologist) –Levy (Academic psychologist) –Masters (Academic psychologist) –Others…

Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural Psychology An indigenous New Zealand psychology The Indigenous Approach Similar to Emic approach as it is culture-specific Indigenous to Aotearoa / New Zealand (“World famous in New Zealand”) Developed from Maori concerns about control and appropriation of indigenous knowledge Importance of local psychological research, theory and practice being … RELEVANT

Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural Psychology New Zealand Psychology - history The history of N.Z. psychology indicates that “Māori research” typically meant an external examination of Māori social or ‘psychological’ make-up or functioning (normal or otherwise) A history of observation, examination (e.g., interviewing or testing), often in pursuit of making ethnic comparisons Māori research held no ‘within group’ insights – increasing relevance of psychology to indigenous people

Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural Psychology New Zealand Psychology – present time N.Z. psychology has improved recruitment and retention rates of Māori in training and the workforce. Unmet Māori social and health needs continue, requiring more registered Māori psychologists (e.g., Te Rau Puawai & Te Rau Matatini) An increased level of ideas, discussion, debate and research among Māori (within group) and those working in collaboration with Maori communities

Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural Psychology Development of a Maori psychology The spiritual dimension (realm of belief, emotion and experiential psychology) The influence of whānau/tribal identity and functioning The natural environment (e.g., waahi tapu), inter-relatedness A Māori ‘purpose’ or kaupapa - kaitiakitanga

Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural Psychology “Cultural Identity” A hard question? What/who is a New Zealand Māori? –Who are the ‘experts’ in Māori people and culture?

Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural Psychology Lecture three: An indigenous New Zealand psychology Tāngata whenua = People of the land Indigenous people of Aotearoa (A group of Islands in the South Pacific) A Polynesian people Mihimihi – introductions “Ko wai koe? Who are you?” “No hea koe? Where are you from?”

Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural Psychology “Cultural Identity” New Zealand Māori; Tāngata whenua Key concepts Whenua Whakapapa Whānau –A Maori Psyche? Mana

Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural Psychology An indigenous New Zealand psychology Whakapapa; whenua; whānau –A tapu aspect to each concept Self vs. selfless – “belonging” Wā Kainga; Turangawaewae Whenua – Papatuanuku (“Mother” Earth) –Land & Women

Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural Psychology An indigenous New Zealand psychology

Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural Psychology Mana Māori – Māori ownership and control Example: Māori words, thought, meaning. Commonly used, commonly misunderstood Māori words ‘Mana’ – old world –A spiritual word/concept… »“S/he who has mana has the favour of the Gods” »Cognitive, emotive, behavioural aspects to the concept »A collective cultural / spiritual obligation to lead / protect / nurture Psyche – “n. the human soul, mind, spirit…from Gk psukhē ‘breath, life, soul’. –Oxford University Press. (2002). Concise Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford. P ‘Māori’ – new world –A tribal people

Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural Psychology An indigenous New Zealand psychology Kaitiakitanga – A Māori Kaupapa Kaitiaki – guardian / Kaitiakitanga – guardianship (also termed “mana tiaki”) Knowledge valued highly, ‘priviledged’ knowledge judiciously given (held by few) A spiritual aspect to knowledge and its guardianship (the missing dimension in social science) Māori understand their cultural identity / access to people & culture (dynamic / ever-changing people & culture) Māori people have rights and responsibilities over reference, interpretation and examination of Māori concepts, beliefs and practices.

Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural Psychology An indigenous New Zealand psychology The marae: The “last bastion of Māori culture” –The Powhiri / encounter –The Poroporoaki / departure Formal process by which people meet (hui) and determine relationships (past / present / future). Methodological stimulation of all human senses.

Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural Psychology An indigenous New Zealand psychology

Māori-centric research, theory and practice –Access to Māori culture –Access to Māori communities –Understanding of both (incl. language / meaning) –Tikanga – correct conduct (tika = correct) Examples –Hongi; karakia ; koha

Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural Psychology Psychology and moral responsibility Code of Ethics For Psychologists Working in Aotearoa/New Zealand, 2002 PREAMBLE Declaration “In giving effect to the Principles and Values of this Code of Ethics there shall be due regard for New Zealand’s cultural diversity and in particular for the provisions of, and the spirit and intent of, the Treaty of Waitangi.”

Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural Psychology New Zealand Psychologists’ Code of Ethics Contents PREAMBLE 3 PRINCIPLE 1: Respect for the Dignity of Persons and Peoples 1.1 General respect Non-discrimination Relations between Maori and non-Maori Sensitivity to diversity Children/young persons Privacy and confidentiality Informed consent 8 PRINCIPLE 2: Responsible Caring 2.1 Promotion of wellbeing Competence Active participation Vulnerability Children/young persons Wellbeing of human research participants Animals 12 PRINCIPLE 3: Integrity in Relationships 3.1 Honesty 13

Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural Psychology NZ Psych Ethics continued 3.2 Personal values Structure of relationships Conflicts of interest 14 PRINCIPLE 4: Social Justice and Responsibility to Society 4.1 Welfare of society Respect for society Benefit to society Accountability, standards and ethical practice 16 INDEX 17 Ref: Code of Ethics for Psychologists Working in Aotearoa/New Zealand, 2002, Page 3

Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural Psychology Cultural sensitivity vs. cultural responsiveness cultural responsiveness “…refers to counsellor responses that acknowledge the existence of, show interest in, demonstrate knowledge of, and express appreciation for the client's ethnicity and culture and that place the client's problem in a cultural context" (Atkinson & Lowe, 1995, p. 402, italics added). Ref: Atkinson, D., & Lowe, S. (1995). The role of ethnicity, cultural knowledge, and conventional techniques in counselling and psychotherapy. In Ponetrotto, J., Casas, J., Suzuki, S., & Alexander, C. (Eds.). Handbook of multicultural counselling. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. NB: 2 nd Edition published 2001

Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural Psychology Whakatauki: Māori Proverb “He aha te mea nui o te Ao? He tāngata, he tāngata, he tāngata!” “What is the most important resource in the world? It is people!”