Weather You Knew or Not! 1

 Minute by minute  Local scale  Variable  Determines dress code 2

 Average weather conditions  Determined by long-term pattern of temperature and precipitation averages and extremes at a location  Can refer to local, regional, or global areas  Can be described in decades, years, seasons, months, or specific dates of the year 3

 Equatorial (A)  Arid (B)  Warm Temperate (C)  Snow (D)  Polar (E) 4

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Tropical Moist Climates (Af) rainforestrainforest Controlled by equatorial topical air masses Average temperature: 18 °C (°F) Annual Precipitation: 262 cm. (103 in.) Latitude Range: 10° S to 25 ° N Global Position: Amazon Basin; Congo Basin of equatorial Africa; East Indies, from Sumatra to New Guinea. 7

Wet-Dry Tropical Climates (Aw) SavannaSavanna Temperature Range: 16°C Annual Precipitation: summer wet (3 months), winter dry, usually less than 300 mm per year Latitude Range: 15° to 25° N and S Global Range: India, Indochina, West Africa, southern Africa, South America and the north coast of Australia. 8

Dry Tropical Climate (Bw) desert biomedesert biome Temperature Range: 16° C Annual Precipitation: 0.25 cm (0.1 in). All months less than 0.25 cm (0.1 in). Latitude Range: 15°- 25° N and S. Global Range: southwestern United States and northern Mexico; Argentina; north Africa; south Africa; central part of Australia. 9

Dry Midlatitude Climates (BS) steppesteppe  Temperature Range: 24° C (43° F).  Annual Precipitation: less than 10 cm (4 in) in the driest regions to 50 cm (20 in) in the moister steppes.  Latitude Range: 35° - 55° N.  Global Range: Western North America (Great Basin, Columbia Plateau, Great Plains); Eurasian interior, from steppes of eastern Europe to the Gobi Desert and North China. 10

Mediterranean Climate (Cs) chaparral biomechaparral biome  Temperature Range: 7 °C (12 °F)  Annual Precipitation: 42 cm (17 in).  Latitude Range: 30° - 50° N and S  Global Position: central and southern California; coastal zones bordering the Mediterranean Sea; coastal Western Australia and South Australia; Chilean coast; Cape Town region of South Africa 11

Dry Midlatitude Climates (Bs) grasslands biomegrasslands biome  Temperature Range: 31 °C (56°F).  Annual Precipitation: 81 cm. (32 in.).  Latitude Range: 30°- 55° N and S  Global Position: western North America (Great Basin, Columbia Plateau, Great Plains); Eurasian interior. 12

Moist Continental Climate (Cf) Deciduous Forest biomeDeciduous Forest biome  Temperature Range: 31 °C (56 ° F)  Average Annual Precipitation: 81 cm (32 in).  Latitude Range: 30° - 55° N and S (Europe: 45° - 60° N).  Global Position: eastern parts of the United States and southern Canada; northern China; Korea; Japan; central and eastern Europe. 13

Boreal forest Climate ( Dfc) taiga biometaiga biome  Temperature Range: 41 °C (74 °F), lows; -25 °C (-14 °F), highs; 16 °C (60 °F).  Average Annual Precipitation: 31 cm (12 in).  Latitude Range: 50° - 70° N and S.  Global Position: central and western Alaska; Canada, from the Yukon Territory to Labrador; Eurasia, from northern Europe across all of Siberia to the Pacific Ocean. 14

Tundra Climate (E) tundra biometundra biome  Temperature Range: -22 °C to 6 °C (-10 °F to 41 °F).  Average Annual Precipitation: 20 cm (8 in).  Latitude Range: 60° - 75° N.  Global Position: arctic zone of North America; Hudson Bay region; Greenland coast; northern Siberia bordering the Arctic Ocean. 15

Highland Climate (H) Alpine BiomeAlpine Biome  Temperature Range: -18 °C to 10 °C (-2 °F to 50°F)  Average Annual Precipitation: 23 cm (9 in.)  Latitude Range: found all over the world  Global Position: Rocky Mountain Range in North America, the Andean mountain range in South America, the Alps in Europe, Mt. Kilimanjaro in Africa, the Himalayans in Tibet, Mt. Fuji in Japan. 16

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 Classify each city in Table 1 into one of the 5 major climate types. Use the World Map as reference.  Compare the choices and reasoning for the whole class. City, CountryClimate Type Anchorage, Alaska Bangalore, India Bangkok, Thailand Cairo, Egypt Kiev, Ukraine London, England New Delhi, India Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Tokyo, Japan A – Equatorial B – Arid C – Warm Temperate D – Snow E – Polar 18

Calculate the annual temperature (Tann) by adding up the monthly mean temperature values and dividing by 12 (the number of months in a year). Record the coldest month’s temperature (Tmin) and the warmest month’s temperature (Tmax) Add up the monthly mean precipitation values to find the accumulated annual precipitation (Pann). Determine when precipitation falls and calculate the Precipitation Threshold (Pth). Table 2A Value TannAnnual Air Temperature (oC)24.70° C TminAir Temperature of Coldest Month (oC)13.53° C TmaxAir Temperature of Warmest Month (oC)32.72° C PannAccumulated Annual Precipitation (mm) mm PthPrecipitation Threshold (mm)77.40 mm 19

 Using Part 1 of the Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification key determine the major climate classification – Equatorial (A), Arid (B), Warm Temperate (C), Snow (D) or Polar (E).Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification key  New Delhi’s Main climate type is: 20

21 Table 2B Value TminAmount of precipitation in the driest month (mm)3.97 mm TwmaxAmount of precipitation in the wettest winter* month (mm)22.78 mm TwminAmount of precipitation in the driest winter* month (mm)3.97 mm PsmaxAmount of precipitation in the wettest summer* month (mm) mm PsminAmount of precipitation in the driest summer* month (mm)10.47 mm Are there at least 4 months with Air Temperature greater than 10°C?Yes In the Arid (B) section determine the 2nd sub-category (based on precipitation) and the 3rd sub-category (based on temperature). New Delhi’s first sub-climate classification is: STEPPE (S) Second sub-climate classification is: HOT (h) Köppen-Geiger Classification is: BSh

22 30 year data for New Delhi, India ( , from NCDC) MonthMean Air Temperature (°C)Monthly Accumulated Precipitation (mm) January February March April May June July August September October November December

 Calculate the annual temperature [Tann] from Table 2 or the climograph in Figure 2 by adding up the monthly mean temperatures and dividing by 12 (the number of months in a year). Record this value in Table 2A.Table 2 climograph in Figure 2  Record the coldest month’s temperature (Tmin) and the warmest month’s temperature (Tmax) in Table 2A.  Add the monthly precipitation data to determine the accumulated annual precipitation (Pann).  Using either Table 1 or the climograph in Figure 2 as well as the formulas below, determine when precipitation falls and calculate the Precipitation Threshold (Pth). Complete Table 2A.climograph in Figure 2 23 If 70% or more of the precipitation falls during the ‘low-sun (winter) half of the year (November through March in the Northern Hemisphere, or April through September in the Southern Hemisphere) use the following formula: Pth = Tann x 2 If 70% or more of the precipitation falls during the ‘high- sun’(summer half of the year (April through September in the Northern Hemisphere, or October through March in the Southern Hemisphere) use the following formula: Pth = (Tann x 2) + 28 If precipitation is spread equally throughout the year, use the following formula: Pth = (Tann x 2) + 14 Table 2A Value TannAnnual Air Temperature (°C) TminAir Temperature of Coldest Month (°C) TmaxAir Temperature of Warmest Month (°C) PannAccumulated Annual Precipitation (mm) PthPrecipitation Threshold (mm) Using Part 1 of the Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification key determine the major climate classification – Equatorial (A), Arid (B), Warm Temperate (C), Snow (D) or Polar (E). New Delhi’s Main climate type is:

Using the city data provided  Produce a climograph of monthly mean air temperature and precipitation.  Write a description of the climate of this location.  Classify the climate of the location.  Compare findings with the original prediction at the start of Activity 1. Use the Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification Map. 24

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Appendix D: Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification Map and Classification Descriptions 40