The Nervous System: Sensory Systems

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Presentation transcript:

The Nervous System: Sensory Systems

Sensory Information Somatic sensations Somesthetic Proprioception Special senses Vision Hearing Equilibrium Taste Smell Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Sensory Receptors Figure 10.2a Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Sensory Receptors Figure 10.2b Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Sensory Receptor Characteristics Table 10.1 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Slow Versus Fast Adaptation Figure 10.3 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Cortical Sensory Areas Figure 10.4 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Sensory Units and Receptive Fields Figure 10.5 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

General Sensory Pathway Figure 10.6 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Stimulus Intensity Coding Figure 10.7 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Intensity Coding by Recruitment Figure 10.8a Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Intensity Coding by Recruitment Figure 10.8b Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Localization Acuity Figure 10.9 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Lateral Inhibition Figure 10.10 Afferent neurons (ﬁrst- order neurons) Second- Location of stimulus Inhibitory interneurons X1 Y1 Z1 X2 Y2 Z2 Afferent neurons Second-order neurons Activity in afferent neurons Activity in second- order neurons Action potentials Frequency of Figure 10.10 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Two Point Discrimination Figure 10.11 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Two Point Discrimination Table 10.2 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Somatosensory Receptors Mechanoreceptors Thermoreceptors Nociceptors Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Types of Skin Receptors Table 10.3 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Mechanoreceptors of Skin Figure 10.13 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Characteristics of Thermoreceptors Warm receptors Free nerve endings Respond to temperatures from 30–43°C Increase frequency with increase in temperature Cold receptors Possible free nerve endings Respond to temperatures from 35–20°C Increase frequency with decrease in temperature Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Thermoreceptor Responses Figure 10.14a Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Thermoreceptor Responses Figure 10.14b Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Characteristics of Nociceptors Free nerve endings A delta or C fibers Classes Mechanical Thermal Polymodal Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Medial-Lemniscal Pathway Figure 10.15a Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Spinothalamic Tract Figure 10.15b Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Anatomy of the Eye Figure 10.19a Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Retina: Ophthalmoscope Figure 10.19b Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Electromagnetic Spectrum Figure 10.21 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Light Refraction by Eye Figure 10.24 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

The Eye: Focusing Far and Near Figure 10.25a Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

The Eye: Focusing Far and Near Figure 10.25b Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Mechanism of Accommodation Figure 10.26a Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Mechanism of Accommodation Figure 10.26b Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Normal Eye (Emmetropia) Figure 10.27a Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Myopia (Near Sightedness) Figure 10.27b Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Hyperopia (Far Sightedness) Figure 10.27c Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Regulation of Light Entering Eye Figure 10.28b–c Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Anatomy of the Retina Figure 10.29 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Rod and Cone Distribution Figure 10.30 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Anatomy of Rods and Cones Figure 10.31 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Components of Rods Figure 10.32 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Phototransduction: Dark Figure 10.33a Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Phototransduction: Light Figure 10.33b Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Photoreceptor Absorbance Spectra Figure 10.34 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Photoreceptor Characteristics Table 10.4 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Going from Light to Dark Exposure to light “bleaches” the rods Opsin separated from retinal No more light can be absorbed Move to dark Sensitivity of rods is low due to previous “bleaching” Retinal and opsin reassociate Can again detect light Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Going from Dark to Light Exposure to dark maintains rods in most sensitive state Opsin and retinal associated Readily absorb light Move to bright light Sensitive rods overwhelmed Rods begin to be “bleached” Can again see clearly Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Convergence of Photoreceptors Convergence of photoreceptors to bipolar cells, and bipolar cells to ganglion cells Convergence More than one photoreceptor to bipolar neuron More than one bipolar cell to ganglion cell Rods converge more Lower visual acuity Greater sensitivity In fovea One cone communicates with one bipolar cell Greater acuity Lower sensitivity Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Depth Perception Binocular visual field Two perspectives of visual field, one from each eye Brain constructs three-dimensional image Figure 10.36 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.