October 27 th, 2011

 Present, Future, and Imperfect tenses all referred to as the “Present System” because they are all formed on the present stem (i.e. 1 st Principal Part) – Note: 2 nd Principal Part = Infinitive.  The Perfect System (i.e. The Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect) all modelled on 3 rd Principal Part.  i.e. Laudo, Laudare, Laudavi, Laudatus, a, um.  3 rd and 4 th Principal parts are highly varied and must be memorized with the vocabulary.

 Perfect (i.e. Present Perfect) = the simple past (i.e. Caesar conquered Gaul); note the contrast with the Imperfect which connotes ongoing action in the past (i.e. Caesar was conquering Gaul).  Pluperfect (i.e. Past Perfect) refers to an event that has taken place prior to the action of another verb (i.e. When Caesar became dictator he had already conquered Gaul).  Future Perfect refers to an event that will have already occurred relative to another action yet to happen (i.e. When Caesar becomes dictator he will have conquered Gaul).

Perfect Tense Pluperfect TenseFuture Perfect Tense Laudavi – I praisedLaudaveram – I had praisedLaudavero – I shall have praised Laudavisti – You praisedLaudaveras – You had praisedLaudaveris – You will have praised Laudavit – He/She/It praisedLaudaverat = He/she/it had praised Laudaverit – He/she/it will have praised Laudavimus – We praisedLaudaveramus = We had praised Laudaverimus – We shall have praised Laudavistis – You praisedLaudaveratis = You had praised Laudaveritis – You will have praised Laudaverunt – They praisedLaudaverant = They had praised Laudaverint – They will have praised

Perfect TensePluperfect TenseFuture Perfect Tense Monui – I warnedMonueram – I had warnedMonuero – I shall have warned Monuisti – You warnedMonueras – You had warnedMonueris – You will have warned Monuit – He/she/it warnedMonuerat – He/she/it/had warned Monuerit – He/she/it will have warned Monuimus – We warnedMonueramus – We had warned Monuerimus – We shall have warned Monuistis – You warnedMonueratis – You had warnedMonueritis – You will have warned Monuerunt – They warnedMonuerant – They had warnedMonuerint – They will have warned

Perfect TensePluperfect TenseFuture Perfect Tense Egi – I droveEgeram – I had drivenEgero – I shall have driven Egisti – You droveEgeras – You had drivenEgeris – You will have driven Egit – He/she/it droveEgerat – He/she/it had drivenEgerit – She/he/it will have driven Egimus – We droveEgeramus – We had drivenEgerimus – We shall have driven Egistis – You droveEgeratis – You had drivenEgeritis – You will have driven Egerunt – The droveEgerant – They had drivenEgerint – They will have driven

Perfect TensePluperfect TenseFuture Perfect Tense Cepi – I seizedCeperam – I had seizedCepero – I shall have seized Cepis – You seizedCeperas – You had seizedCeperis – You will have seized Cepit – She/he/it seizedCeperat – She/he/it had seizedCeperit – She/he/it will have seized Cepimus – We seizedCeperamus – We had seizedCeperimus – We shall have seized Cepistis – You seizedCeperatis – You had seizedCeperitis – You will have seized Ceperunt – They seizedCeperant – They had seizedCeperint – They will have seized

Perfect TensePluperfect TenseFuture Perfect Tense Audivi – I heardAudiveram – I had heardAudivero – I shall have heard Audivisti – You heardAudiveras – You had heardAudiveris – You will have heard Audivit – He/she/it heardAudiverat – He/she/it had heard Audiverit – He/she/it will have heard Audivimus – We heardAudiveramus – We had heardAudiverimus – We shall have heard Audivistis – You heardAudiveratis – You had heardAudiveritis – You will have heard Audiverunt – They heardAudiverant – They had heardAudiverint – They will have heard

Perfect TensePluperfect TenseFuture Perfect Tense Fui – I wasFueram – I had beenFuero – I shall have been Fuisti – You wereFueras – You had beenFueris – You will have been Fuit – He/she/it wasFuerat – He/she/it had beenFuerit – She/he/it will have been Fuimus – We wereFueramus – We had beenFuerimus – We shall have been Fuistis – You wereFueratis – You had beenFueritis – You will have been Fuerunt – They wereFuerant – They had beenFuerint – You will have been

Perfect TensePluperfect TenseFuture Perfect Tense Potui – I was ablePotueram – I had been ablePotuero – I shall have been able Potuisti – You were ablePotueras – You had been ablePotueris – You will have been able Potuit – He/she/it was ablePotuerat – He/she/it had been able Potuerit – She/he/it will have been able Potuimus – We were ablePotueramus – We had been able Potuerimus – We shall have been able Potuistis – You were ablePotueratis – You had been ablePotueritis – You will have been able Potuerunt – They were ablePotuerant – They had been able Potuerint – They will have been able

 Pronouns which refer back to the subject.  i.e. Cicero praised him (“him” = regular pronoun) BUT Cicero praised himself (“himself” = reflexive pronoun).  Cannot serve as subjects of a finite verbs – therefore n0 nominative case; All first and second person reflexive pronouns decline like regular personal pronouns.  Context needed to discern what type of pronoun you are dealing with.  Cf. Wheelock, p. 83.

 Nom -.  Gen – Sui (of himself, herself, itself)  Dat – Sibi (to/for himself, etc.).  Acc – Se (himself, etc.).  Abl – Se (by/with/from himself, etc.).  Nom -.  Gen – Sui (of themselves).  Dat – Sibi (to/for themselves).  Acc – Se (themselves).  Abl – Se (By/with/from themselves).  Note – Declines identically to 2 nd person singular reflexive pronoun; Singular and plural are identical; use context.

 Possessive pronouns referring to the subject (i.e. Cicero praises his own students).  1 st (meus, a, um – noster, nostra, nostrum) and 2 nd (Tuus, a, um – Vester, Vestra, Vestrum) person decline exactly like regular possessive pronouns.  3 rd person possessive reflexive pronoun (suus, sua, suum) declines like any 1 st /2 nd declension adjective (i.e. Like magnus, a, um); must agree with the noun modified in gender, number, and case regardless of the gender and number of the subject to which it refers; Be careful to distinguish the use of 3 rd person reflexive possessive pronouns from the use of nonreflexive possessive pronouns.  Cf. Wheelock, p. 84.

 Added to a noun to emphasize its significance in a sentence – Cf. Wheelock, p. 85.  Declines just like Magnus, a, um, except for the genitive and dative singular which follows the regular demonstrative pronouns (hic, Ille etc.) – Cf. Wheelock, p. 448.