How God gave us His Perfect Word

I. Old English Period ( )

II. Middle English Period ( )

I. Old English Period ( ) II. Middle English Period ( ) III. Modern English (1475-Present)

 Dynamic equivalence vs. Formal Equivalence

 Dynamic equivalence—functional equivalency— thought equivalence emphasized

 Definition—thought for thought; concept for concept; meaning for meaning; grammar is secondary.

 Dynamic equivalence—functional equivalency— thought equivalence emphasized  Definition—thought for thought; concept for concept; meaning for meaning; grammar is secondary.  Goals—1. To simplify the Bible 2. To interpret as you translate. 3. Simplify. 4. Update. 5. Make more readable.

 Dynamic equivalence—functional equivalency— thought equivalence emphasized  Definition—thought for thought; concept for concept; meaning for meaning; grammar is secondary.  Goals—1. To simplify the Bible 2. To interpret as you translate. 3. Simplify. 4. Update. 5. Make more readable.  Methods—1. Drop metaphors and change to direct statements. 2. Add Explanatory comments. 3. Change concrete images into abstractions.

 Dynamic equivalence—functional equivalency—thought equivalence emphasized  Definition—thought for thought; concept for concept; meaning for meaning; grammar is secondary.  Goals—1. To simplify the Bible 2. To interpret as you translate. 3. Simplify. 4. Update. 5. Make more readable.  Methods—1. Drop metaphors and change to direct statements. 2. Add Explanatory comments. 3. Change concrete images into abstractions. 4. Change gender reference, and number references. 5. Make sure of orthodoxy in translation.  Focus—Reader, receptor language, man.

 Formal Equivalence

 Formal Equivalence—verbal equivalency. The very words of the original language—verbal inspiration.

 Definition—Word for word, form for form—also word order, syntax, and arrangements.

 Formal Equivalence—verbal equivalency. The very words of the original language—verbal inspiration.  Definition—Word for word, form for form—also word order, syntax, and arrangements.  Methodology— 1. Very Words—belief in verbal inspiration. 2. Respect for syntax. 3. Theological orthodoxy—comes from Bible, not necessary to manipulate translation. 4. Must present depth and breadth while retaining full exegetical work of original language. 5. Works to retain beauty and dignity of parent language. 6. Translation by way of methodology seeks transparency to the original world of the bible.

 Formal Equivalence—verbal equivalency. The very words of the original language— verbal inspiration.  Definition—Word for word, form for form—also word order, syntax, and arrangements.  Methodology— 1. Very Words—belief in verbal inspiration. 2. Respect for syntax. 3. Theological orthodoxy—comes from Bible, not necessary to manipulate translation. 4. Must present depth and breadth while retaining full exegetical work of original language. 5. Works to retain beauty and dignity of parent language. 6. Translation by way of methodology seeks transparency to the original world of the bible. Goal—To accurately render words, grammar, and syntax from Hebrew and Greek into a receptor language.

 Formal Equivalence—verbal equivalency. The very words of the original language— verbal inspiration.  Definition—Word for word, form for form—also word order, syntax, and arrangements.  Methodology— 1. Very Words—belief in verbal inspiration. 2. Respect for syntax. 3. Theological orthodoxy—comes from Bible, not necessary to manipulate translation. 4. Must present depth and breadth while retaining full exegetical work of original language. 5. Works to retain beauty and dignity of parent language. 6. Translation by way of methodology seeks transparency to the original world of the bible. Goal—To accurately render words, grammar, and syntax from Hebrew and Greek into a receptor language. Key—Transparency to original text. (it can be translated back accurately).

 Formal Equivalence—verbal equivalency. The very words of the original language—verbal inspiration.  Definition—Word for word, form for form—also word order, syntax, and arrangements.  Methodology— 1. Very Words—belief in verbal inspiration. 2. Respect for syntax. 3. Theological orthodoxy—comes from Bible, not necessary to manipulate translation. 4. Must present depth and breadth while retaining full exegetical work of original language. 5. Works to retain beauty and dignity of parent language. 6. Translation by way of methodology seeks transparency to the original world of the bible. Goal—To accurately render words, grammar, and syntax from Hebrew and Greek into a receptor language. Key—Transparency to original text. (it can be translated back accurately). Focus—The source language. Ultimately on God as the author. “What does God say?”

I. Old English Period ( )

A. Translations a. Aldhelm and Colman (Psalms) 709

I. Old English Period ( ) A. Translations a. Aldhelm and Colman (Psalms) 709 b. Bede (John) 730

I. Old English Period ( ) A. Translations a. Aldhelm and Colman (Psalms) 709 b. Bede (John) 730 c. Egbert (portions of gospels) still extant copies.

I. Old English Period ( ) A. Translations a. Aldhelm and Caedman (Psalms) 709 b. Bede (John) 730 Finished on his deathbed the day he died. Used the vulgate. c. Egbert (portions of gospels) still extant copies. d. King Alfred—portions of Psalms, 10 commandments, Gospels, and Acts— 1 st major translation

I. Old English Period ( ) A. Translations a. Aldhelm and Colman (Psalms) 709 b. Bede (John) 730 c. Egbert (portions of gospels) still extant copies. d. King Alfred—portions of Psalms, 10 commandments, Gospels, and Acts— 1 st major translation e. Aldred and Aelfric--(Portions of OT including Job) 950

Middle English Period ( )

I. Wycliffe—1382 A. Used Latin vulgate. 1 st whole Bible translated in English. B. Purvey—1388 revised Wycliffe to be more readable—still 170 extant today. C. It became illegal in 1409 for common persons to own a Bible without Bishop’s permission. * (Wycliffe’s Bible was about 70 years before the printing press and was never believed to have been wholly printed, although the New Testament was more than once).

Modern English Period (1475-present)

Gutenburg’s printing press revolutionized the ability to copy scripture. *From 1409 it was illegal for common person to own a Bible or read it.

Modern English Period (1475-present) —Tyndale responsible for 1 st translation from Greek (Erasmus) and Hebrew (Masoretic Text). Wycliffe’s Bible was also consulted.

Modern English Period (1475-present) —Tyndale responsible for 1 st translation from Greek (Erasmus) and Hebrew (Masoretic Text). Wycliffe’s Bible was also consulted Pentateuch added Revision. *irritated the ignorant priests with his study of greek and said that he would “cause the boy who driveth the plow to know more of the Scriptures,” thus ending Papal assumption.

Modern English Period (1475-present) —Tyndale responsible for 1 st translation from Greek (Erasmus) and Hebrew (Masoretic Text). Wycliffe’s Bible was also consulted Pentateuch added Revision. *irritated the ignorant priests with his study of greek and said that he would “cause the boy who driveth the plow to know more of the Scriptures,” thus ending Papal assumption. *Contemporary of Luther, used Luther’s translation, and even the order of Luther’s translation (New Testament, then earlier books, etc.)

Modern English Period (1475-present) 2. Coverdale—1535—continued Tyndales OT from Vulgate. Coverdale was a student of Tyndale 3. Matthew Bible—1537 revision (William Matthew) real name John Rogers. *These copies of the Scripture were illegal to own.

Modern English Period (1475-present) 2. Coverdale—1535—continued Tyndales OT from Vulgate. Coverdale was a student of Tyndale 3. Matthew Bible—1537 revision (William Matthew) real name John Rogers. *These copies of the Scripture were illegal to own. 4. Great Bible—1539—Henry VIII commissioned in rebellion to pope, and used Tyndale and Polyglot. (it’s gothic Roman letters were hard to read and it was unaffordable.

Modern English Period (1475-present) 2. Coverdale—1535—continued Tyndales OT from Vulgate. Coverdale was a student of Tyndale 3. Matthew Bible—1537 revision (William Matthew) real name John Rogers. *These copies of the Scripture were illegal to own. 4. Great Bible—1539—Henry VIII commissioned in rebellion to pope, and used Tyndale and Polyglot. (it’s gothic Roman letters were hard to read and it was unaffordable Parliament banned Wycliffe, Tyndale, & Coverdale 5. Geneva Bible—1560—done out of country. Used Erasmus NT, Hebrew MT, Great bible, Latin Vulgate. 1 st Bible to use original languages

Modern English Period (1475-present) 2. Coverdale—1535—continued Tyndales OT from Vulgate. Coverdale was a student of Tyndale 3. Matthew Bible—1537 revision (William Matthew) real name John Rogers. *These copies of the Scripture were illegal to own. 4. Great Bible—1539—Henry VIII commissioned in rebellion to pope, and used Tyndale and Polyglot. (it’s gothic Roman letters were hard to read and it was unaffordable. 5. Geneva Bible—1560—done out of country. Used Erasmus NT, Hebrew MT, Great bible, Latin Vulgate. 6. Bishops Bible—1560—(to compete with Geneva Bible which was printed out of country. Elizabeth dies in 1602.

Modern English Period (1475-present) 2. Coverdale—1535—continued Tyndales OT from Vulgate. Coverdale was a student of Tyndale 3. Matthew Bible—1537 revision (William Matthew) real name John Rogers. *These copies of the Scripture were illegal to own. 4. Great Bible—1539—Henry VIII commissioned in rebellion to pope, and used Tyndale and Polyglot. (it’s gothic Roman letters were hard to read and it was unaffordable. 5. Geneva Bible—1560—done out of country. Used Erasmus NT, Hebrew MT, Great bible, Latin Vulgate. 6. Bishops Bible—1560—(to compete with Geneva Bible which was printed out of country. Elizabeth dies in Douai Version—1582—NT Latin (Used by Catholics)

 KJV 1611—Named after James Stuart (From James I-VI  Formally a revision of the 1602 Bishop’s Bible.  Puritans suggested a revision to King James in 1604  Qualifications  Best linguists  Reverence for God’s Word  Pious  Methodology—not interpretation but word for word translation  Thorough—began in 1607, finished in 1611  Right texts—Masoretic OT, Erasmus, Stephanus, Beza, current English translations, Vulgate

King James Procedures for translations Translators began, 47 finished 2. Each translator worked individually—assigned chapter or small portion. 3. Submitted to colleagues reviewing necessary revisions. 4. Final result reviewed by a committee of Final revision committee of two (Dr. Miles smith and Dr. Thomas Bilson)

A. Cambridge Edition (1629)—mostly printing and editing corrections. B. The Wicked Bible (1631)—Left out the word “not” in the 7 th commandment. C. 18 th century revisions. 1. Cambridge (1762) 1. Corrected and updated spelling, punctuation, vocabulary, and grammar after 150 years. 2. Thomas Paris corrected the italicized words and added marginal notes, cross-references, and a chronology.

A. Cambridge Edition (1629)—mostly printing and editing corrections. B. The Wicked Bible (1631)—Left out the word “not” in the 7 th commandment. C. 18 th century revisions. A. Cambridge (1762) 1. Corrected and updated spelling, punctuation, vocabulary, and grammar after 150 years. 2. Thomas Paris corrected the italicized words and added marginal notes, cross-references, and a chronology. B. Oxford Edition (1769) 1. Benjamin Blayney collated the current editions, incorporated most of Paris’s work, and further edited punctuation and italicized words. 2. This is the KJV edition used most today.

A. Cambridge Edition (1629)—mostly printing and editing corrections. B. The Wicked Bible (1631)—Left out the word “not” in the 7 th commandment. C. 18 th century revisions. A. Cambridge (1762) 1. Corrected and updated spelling, punctuation, vocabulary, and grammar after 150 years. 2. Thomas Paris corrected the italicized words and added marginal notes, cross-references, and a chronology. B. Oxford Edition (1769) 1. Benjamin Blayney collated the current editions, incorporated most of Paris’s work, and further edited punctuation and italicized words. 2. This is the KJV edition used most today. D. Noah Webster’s Edition (1833)

A. Cambridge Edition (1629)—mostly printing and editing corrections. B. The Wicked Bible (1631)—Left out the word “not” in the 7 th commandment. C. 18 th century revisions. A. Cambridge (1762) 1. Corrected and updated spelling, punctuation, vocabulary, and grammar after 150 years. 2. Thomas Paris corrected the italicized words and added marginal notes, cross-references, and a chronology. B. Oxford Edition (1769) 1. Benjamin Blayney collated the current editions, incorporated most of Paris’s work, and further edited punctuation and italicized words. 2. This is the KJV edition used most today. D. Noah Webster’s Edition (1833) 1. Webster’s 1828 dictionary defines words Biblically. 2. Webster’s Bible was a sixty-year project to correct grammar and spelling and to update archaic words. 3. Sold for $2.00 (no royalties) but never became popular.

A. Cambridge Edition (1629)—mostly printing and editing corrections. B. The Wicked Bible (1631)—Left out the word “not” in the 7 th commandment. C. 18 th century revisions. A. Cambridge (1762) 1. Corrected and updated spelling, punctuation, vocabulary, and grammar after 150 years. 2. Thomas Paris corrected the italicized words and added marginal notes, cross-references, and a chronology. B. Oxford Edition (1769) 1. Benjamin Blayney collated the current editions, incorporated most of Paris’s work, and further edited punctuation and italicized words. 2. This is the KJV edition used most today. D. Noah Webster’s Edition (1833) 1. Webster’s 1828 dictionary defines words Biblically. 2. Webster’s Bible was a sixty-year project to correct grammar and spelling and to update archaic words. 3. Sold for $2.00 (no royalties) but never became popular. E. Cambridge Paragraph Bible, edited by Scrivener (1873)