(Freudennic, Craig Hutch, Peter and Upton, S.J.

*Plasmodium microorganism discovered in 1880 *1897-the transmission of the Malaria parasite by Anopheline mosquito *During the 18 th and 19 th centuries Malaria was endemic in the United States and Canada In the beginning of the 20 th century The office of Malaria Control was founded. Today we know this office and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. *Malaria has been a factor in wars such as the American Revolution, the Civil War, World Wars I and II, the Korean and Vietnam wars. - In Vietnam U.S soldiers lost more combat days from Malaria than from battle injuries

 Approximately 500 million cases worldwide  2.7 deaths per yr  North American and European cases are typically imported  Travelers  Transmission is through the female Anopheline Mosquito  Only female mosquitoes take blood meals!  Many cases of Malaria are in children under 5  Every 30 seconds a child dies from Malaria

 Incubation period- 7 to 30 days  Periodical Fever bouts  Chills  Sweats  Headaches  Nausea and Vomiting  Body Aches

Backache Abdominal pain Diarrhea Altered consciousness Tachycardia hypotension

 Cerebral malaria  Pulmonary edema  Gastroenteritis  Anemia  Renal failure- p.falciparum  infection

 Microscopic diagnosis - “blood smear” Antigen detection - “rapid diagnostic tests”

 KEY FACTS:  Most common, not fatal  The Korean eradication efforts

Most malignant and deadly Accounts for 80% of infections and 90% of deaths Very common in sub-Saharan Africa Cerebral malaria

This is the most rare type of all four Very limited in range affecting only Philippines, Indonesia, and western African countries. Plasmodium malarie Fever patter ns. 1 st recognized

High mosquito activity at dusk and dawn. Mosquito comes in contact with human Infected anopheles mosquitoes inject sporozoites into human body Sporozoites travel into bloodstream These sporozoites flow with the red blood cells until they reach the liver. Lavern, a

Sporozoite comes in contact with a kupffer cell on the superficial surface of the liver. Ijzer, j

Once into the hepatocytes, the sporozoites form into schizonts through the process of merogony. Sporozoite increases in size then mitosis happens repeatedly. Once mitosis has finished (division of nucleus) then cytokinesis occurs. Result is banana like merozoites Merogony process

At this point we have a collection of merozoites that have been building up in the schizont for a period of 6-15 days in the liver. you may be questioning yourself, is this asexual or sexual reproduction? Well the answer is asexual in a segmentation manner. After maturation has completed the schizont ruptures and releases the merozoites into the bloodstream of the human body.

The merozoites travel in the bloodstream where they attach to red blood cells (erythrocytes) Parasite then invades rbc. The hemoglobin fuels the activity of these merozoites in which they can reproduce again asexually inside the red blood cell. Beeson, James

With asexual reproduction more merozoites can reproduce inside another schizont. Once this schizont ruptures the rbc lyses and the contents leak out into the plasma. The merozoites can then rupture other rbc and repeat this process over and over

-- evaluation of asexual reproduction in rbc at microscopic level- Rug, Melanie Cowman, allan

On occasion a male/female gametocyte will form from merozoites. Public domain

Malaria life cycle : phase 3 initation Female anopheles mosquito feeds on human and sucks in the gametocytes. microgamete penetrate the macrogamete to generate zygotes Macrogamete travels to stomach cells (ookinete) The macrogamete becomes fertilized (oocyst) Oocyst will act just like a schizont and form hundreds of sporozoites through the body of the mosquito Leander, brian

Eichner, m

Having sickle cell trait can help children from dying. Scientists strive for in vitro injections of sickle trait The sickle cell rbc’s shape doesn’t allow the parasite inside. Parasites are sent to spleen

Insecticide treated bed nets Antimalarials - chloroquine - quinine - tetracycline CDC

DDT -synthetic pesticide -not legal in the united states (1972) RTS,S vaccine - recombinant protein Private sector development blog Malaria vaccine initiative

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