Senate Building

The Republic becomes more Democratic 5th-3rd Centuries BC 5th-3rd Centuries BC plebeians gain considerable political power plebeians gain considerable political power codification of the Twelve Tables codification of the Twelve Tables Plebeians threaten to walk out of the city Plebeians threaten to walk out of the city patricians and plebeians willingly compromised for the good of the Republic patricians and plebeians willingly compromised for the good of the Republic

Rome gains control of Italy In a series of wars Rome conquered the Italian peninsula In a series of wars Rome conquered the Italian peninsula Pyhrric War Pyhrric War Conquered Italy because of powerful armies, ability to move troops, and wise treatment of conquered peoples. Conquered Italy because of powerful armies, ability to move troops, and wise treatment of conquered peoples.

Pyhrrus

Carthage

Rome Conquers the Mediterranean Carthage Carthage Rome’s chief rival: modern day Tunisia Rome’s chief rival: modern day Tunisia Originally a Phoenician (Punic) colony Originally a Phoenician (Punic) colony Carthaginians attacked Roman trading vessels Carthaginians attacked Roman trading vessels Roman merchants demanded protection Roman merchants demanded protection

First Punic War ( BC) Fought on Sicily Fought on Sicily Rome annexed Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia Rome annexed Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia Rome used citizen soldiers, Carthage used mercenaries Rome used citizen soldiers, Carthage used mercenaries Which type of soldier tends to be more loyal? Which type of soldier tends to be more loyal?

Hannibal VS. Scipio

Second Punic War ( BC)

Carthaginian General Hannibal leads an army from Spain across the Alps and into Italy: Stopped north of Rome Carthaginian General Hannibal leads an army from Spain across the Alps and into Italy: Stopped north of Rome Roman fleet headed for Carthage; Hannibal called back to defend the homeland Roman fleet headed for Carthage; Hannibal called back to defend the homeland Battle of Zama-Roman General Scipio defeated Hannibal near Carthage Battle of Zama-Roman General Scipio defeated Hannibal near Carthage Rome annexed Carthage’s Spanish provinces Rome annexed Carthage’s Spanish provinces

Cato, The Elder

Third Punic War ( ) Cato, A Roman senator, ended all of his speeches with “Carthage must be destroyed” Cato, A Roman senator, ended all of his speeches with “Carthage must be destroyed” In 146 BC Roman forces burned and destroyed Carthage and annexed the territory. In 146 BC Roman forces burned and destroyed Carthage and annexed the territory. By 30 BC Rome managed to conquer the entire Mediterranean region including Macedonia, Greece, and Egypt By 30 BC Rome managed to conquer the entire Mediterranean region including Macedonia, Greece, and Egypt

Rome After the Punic Wars

Patricians(Aristocrats) Plebeians Farmers Merchants Artisans Freedmen Slaves City SlavesCity Slaves Household SlavesHousehold Slaves (Early Republic)

ROMAN GOVERNMENT (The Republic) Senate Assembly of Centuries Assembly of Tribes 300 members Most powerful branch Controlled public funds Made Political Appointments Declared War & Peace Elected Magistrates Made up by Plebeians Elected 10 Tribunes who had veto power over Senate & magistrates Legislative Branch 2 Consuls 2 Censors Dictator Elected to 1 year terms Commanded Military Presided over Senate Ran Daily Government Could Veto each other Conducted Census Assessed Taxes Supervised Morals Elected only during crisis Absolute Power Served 6 month terms Executive Branch (Magistrates) Judicial Branch Praetor Praetors created Roman law through court decisions

ROMAN GOVERNMENT (The Republic) Senate Assembly of Centuries Assembly of Tribes 300 members Most powerful branch Controlled public funds Made Political Appointments Declared War & Peace Elected Magistrates Made up by Plebeians Elected 10 Tribunes who had veto power over Senate and Magistrates Legislative Branch

ROMAN GOVERNMENT (The Republic) 2 Consuls 2 Censors Dictator Elected to 1 year terms Commanded Military Presided over Senate Ran Daily Government Could Veto each other Conducted Census Assessed Taxes Supervised Morals Elected only during crisis Absolute Power Served 6 month terms Executive Branch (Magistrates) Judicial Branch Praetor Praetors created Roman law through court decisions Praetor

Roman Expansion (133 BC - 27 BC) uConquered territories became known as Provinces uProvinces were ruled by governors known as Proconsuls who were appointed by the Senate and had great power uTax collectors known as Publicans collected heavy taxes from provinces. They collected more than required and kept the excess. This corrupt practice was known as Tax Farming

Roman Expansion Problems of Expansion Collapse of the Small Farmer uSmall farmers were the backbone of Roman military uAfter wars of expansion they returned to desolated farms uUnable to afford repairs, they were forced to sell to large landowners

Roman Expansion Problems of Expansion Disparities of Wealth uNobles grew wealthier by expanding their estates uThey lived lives of luxury and ease u The poor became poorer uHard work, discipline, and patriotism, began to disappear

Roman Expansion Problems of Expansion Growth of Slavery uMany conquered enemies became slaves uNobles began using them on their estates rather than paying workers uUnemployment grew among citizens because of slavery uSlaves outnumbered citizens

Roman Expansion Problems of Expansion Migration to the Cities uSmall farmers who sold land were forced to move to cities in search of work uCities suffered severe unemployment and overcrowding. Slums developed. uRoman government had to set up a welfare program to support the poor uBread programs and circuses were set up to keep the poor masses happy

Roman Expansion Problems of Expansion Corruption in the Provinces uRoman officials appointed to govern the provinces were corrupted by the lure of quick wealth uBribery and Tax Farming became common uDiscontentment grew in the provinces

Roman Expansion Problems of Expansion Changes in Roman Military uWith the disappearance of the small farmer, the nature of the army began to change uIndividual commanders began building their own armies and paid mercenaries uSoldiers were promised a share of the booty and land in return for service uSoldiers were loyal to commanders rather than Rome

Roman Expansion Problems of Expansion Attempts at Reform uTwo brothers, Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus were elected as Tribunes and attempted reforms to help the poor uTiberius was assassinated by several senators in 133 BC uGaius continued to work on reforms and attempted to limit power of the Senate. He was killed in a riot uRome fell into disarray. Civil War followed.

Marius vs. Sulla

Roman Expansion Problems of Expansion Civil War - Marius vs. Sulla uIn 105 BC, a commander named Marius saved Rome from barbarian invasions. He was elected consul five straight years and continued to build a large army uIn 88 BC, a rival named Sulla went to war against Marius in and around Rome uThousands of Romans died uIn 82 BC, Sulla defeated Marius and became a dictator. He retired in 79 BC uSlave revolts led by Spartacus broke out from BC. Military leaders struggled for power.

(Early Republic)