Define Terminology Non-nativeInvasive Page 1

Target versus Non-target Target Non-target Page 3

The problem with non-native invasive species… Sam Hamilton Invasive Species are “probably the single greatest threat in our country to our native wildlife”. Worldwide Cost = $1.4 trillion U.S. = $138 billion (International Congress on Bioinvasions 2009) Economic Economic Ecological Ecological Human health Human health Cultural Cultural

Impacts: Economic Emerald Ash Borer Killed millions of ash trees in 14 states and 1 Canadian Provence Killed millions of ash trees in 14 states and 1 Canadian Provence Quarantines and fines to prevent potentially infested ash trees, logs or hardwood firewood from moving out of areas where EAB occurs. Quarantines and fines to prevent potentially infested ash trees, logs or hardwood firewood from moving out of areas where EAB occurs. Cost municipalities, property owners, nursery operators and forest products industries tens of millions of dollars. Cost municipalities, property owners, nursery operators and forest products industries tens of millions of dollars.

Impacts: Economic Quagga and Zebra Mussles Clog water intakes and pipes Clog water intakes and pipes Damage pump Damage pump Decrease power production Decrease power production Harm commercial fisheries Harm commercial fisheries Damage boat engines Damage boat engines Increase watercraft maintenance Increase watercraft maintenance

Impacts: Ecological Kudzu Crowds out native species Crowds out native species Found on over 7 million acres Found on over 7 million acres

Impacts: Ecological Brown Tree Snake Species Extinctions Increased vulnerability of native vegetation to insect pests due to the loss of avian and reptilian insectivores Small Birds gone from Guam Guam flycatcher (Myiagra freycineti), Guam flycatcher (Myiagra freycineti), rufous fantail (Rhipidura rufifrons uraniae), rufous fantail (Rhipidura rufifrons uraniae), bridled white-eye (Zosterops c. conspicillatus), bridled white-eye (Zosterops c. conspicillatus), Micronesian honeyeater (Myzomela rubrata saffordi). Micronesian honeyeater (Myzomela rubrata saffordi).

Impacts: Cultural Hydrilla One fragment can lead to introduction One fragment can lead to introduction Shades out competitors Shades out competitors Millions of dollars are spent in Florida and California on control. Millions of dollars are spent in Florida and California on control. Clogs water delivery canals Clogs water delivery canals

Impacts: Human Health Lionfish and Cholera

Pathways and Vectors

Daily Flights, A Smaller World, Global Pathways

Global Shipping Traffic Slide showing shipping traffic

Pathways of Introduction How do they get here: Shipping Captive and Cultured Organisms Recreation Intentional Stocking Recreational Recreational Environmental Environmental Food (seafood) Food (seafood)

A single pathway may have many NIS vertebrates, plants, invertebrates, microbes, and others… Non-natural resource management pathways Non-natural resource management pathways Pathways of Introduction/VECTORS How they are spread once there are here:

Maintenance

Construction Ken A. Langeland, University of Florida,

Recreational Watercraft and Trailers

A single pathway may have many NIS vertebrates, plants, invertebrates, microbes, and others… Non-natural resource management pathways Non-natural resource management pathways Natural Resource Management Pathways Natural Resource Management Pathways Pathways of Introduction/VECTORS How they are spread once there are here:

Fire Management

Water Monitoring

Habitat Surveys

Organism Surveys

Restoration

A single pathway may have many NIS vertebrates, plants, invertebrates, microbes, and others… Maintenance Maintenance Construction Construction Recreation Recreation Fire Management Fire Management Water Monitoring Water Monitoring Habitat Surveys Habitat Surveys Organism Surveys Organism Surveys Restoration Restoration Pathways of Introduction/VECTORS How they are spread once there are here:

Preventing the Spread of Invasive Species “An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.”

Multiple Pathways require multiple solutions

Education and Outreach

Invasive Species National Laws and Regulations Lacey Act Lacey Act Non-indigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act Non-indigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act National Invasive Species Act National Invasive Species Act Executive Order Executive Order 13112

a) Each Federal agency whose actions may affect the status of invasive species shall, to the extent practicable and permitted by law… (3) not authorize, fund, or carry out actions that it believes are likely to cause or promote the introduction or spread of invasive species in the United States or elsewhere unless, pursuant to guidelines that it has prescribed, the agency has determined and made public its determination that the benefits of such actions clearly outweigh the potential harm caused by invasive species; and that all feasible and prudent measures to minimize risk of harm will be taken in conjunction with the actions. Executive Order of February 3, Invasive Species

Invasive Species State Laws and Regulations CA Code 2302 CA Code 2302

Use Best Management Practices General BMP’s General BMP’s What can you do…

Control Meaures Methods: Chemical Drying Freezing Manual Removal Water Heat Treatment Dedicated Equipment Managing Field Operations

Use Best Management Practices General BMP’s General BMP’s HACCP HACCP What can you do…

HACCP and Risk Precautionary Principle Precautionary Principle Risk Management vs. Risk Assessment Risk Management vs. Risk Assessment

“But we already have basic decontamination procedures…” HACCP : Identifies risk of spreading invasive species and implements controls Identifies risk of spreading invasive species and implements controls Targets control measures for “best” opportunity Targets control measures for “best” opportunity Ensures prevention is successful Ensures prevention is successful Contingency plan if problem surfaces Contingency plan if problem surfaces Documentation process Documentation process Review Process Review Process