School of Veterinary Medicine Courtney Davaloz, 3VM Texas A&M University School of Veterinary Medicine

Interact with audience get people to answer http://www.forestry.gov.uk/images/1056041big.jpg/$FILE/1056041big.jpg

Interact with audience http://www.fermanagh.gov.uk/siteobjects/soeditor/pro/uploads/EH/Dog%20with%20Tag200.jpg http://public.carson.army.mil/sites/pao/mountaineer/archives/images/05-05-06_img_46.jpg

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Interact with audience. Get students to respond.

All of the animals above are affected by nutrition Nutrition is defined as being the process by which organisms take in and utilize food material All of the animals above are affected by nutrition Everyday we make decisions affecting nutrition, whether in regards to our pets or ourselves Finding a complete balance for yourself and your pet can be challenging Emphasize how nutrition influences not only our animals life but also our own

Food Pyramid Fats, Oils, Sweets Meat, Poultry, Fish, Dry Beans, Eggs, Nuts Milk, Yogurt, Cheese Fruit Vegetables Interact with audience. Ask why this is important. Emphasize the need to be healthy http://www.cookstown.gov.uk/media/healthy%20food%20pyramid.jpg Bread, Cereal, Rice & Pasta Why do we have these guidelines on what we should or shouldn’t eat?

Water Fat Carbohydrates Protein Vitamins Minerals Read slide http://www.michigan.gov/images/MDA_FSSS_IntroGraphic_pieplate_46572_7.jpeg

Why so important? Solubilize biochemicals and thereby facilitate their actions and interactions Regulates body temperature Fluid medium for blood and lymph systems (Blood is 90% water) Lubrication of body tissues Makes up 55-75% of the human body Water is not stored heavily in the body so it must constantly be replaced as it is excreted

Condition marked by a shortage of water or fluids in the body Can be caused by vomiting/diarrhea or excessive sweating due to strenuous activity Symptoms Lethargy(weakness) Headaches and cramps Increased thirst Decreased urination http://www.tucsonaz.gov/fire/safety/TeenScene/teenscene_OutAbout_files/image006.gif

Made up of a long sequence of amino acids that folds upon itself to form function-specific structures Serve numerous essential functions in the body such as muscle growth, tissue repair, and transporting oxygen http://cmb.ornl.gov/resources/gallery/myoglobin.jpg/image_preview Myoglobin: Oxygen transport protein

Certain AAs are essential (required by the body for normal growth) Tryptophan As protein is consumed from food, its constituent AAs are used to produce necessary body proteins Certain AAs are essential (required by the body for normal growth) Not all protein sources contain the same amino acids so the diet must be diverse or well-managed Natural sources include meat, eggs, dairy products, and soy beans Help them to distinguish between the general term protein used to describe it as a feed and the individual proteins the body requires http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/RenderImage?maxscale=30&width=200&height=200&superlistid=000073223 http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/is/images/j0177963.jpg http://doh.sd.gov/diabetes/img/steak.jpg https://www.michigan.gov/images/englishpeas_03_33620_7.jpg

Carbohydrates are the primary source of fuel for the body Carbohydrates are the primary source of fuel for the body. They ultimately produce the energy that powers the body processes. The three main sources of carbs are simple sugars, starches, and fiber

Simple sugars are the product of digestion of the larger molecules. The most important of these is glucose, which is the primary sugar absorbed by the body Ask if anyone knows which is the most important simple sugar? https://relic.bio.anl.gov/images/relicPeptide_glucose_1.jpg

Starch Long chain of sugars connected by a specific type of bonding(α-bond) that is easily digested by enzymes in the small intestine. Fiber Long chain of sugars connected by β-bonds which can only be broken down by microbes in the stomachs of ruminant animals

Is a concentrated form of energy Most common type is triglycerides Saturated fats vs. Unsaturated fats Saturated fat is solid at room temp whereas unsaturated fat is usually liquid https://gaithersburgmd.gov/images/news/art_fatcat.jpg

Important for maintaining balanced diet Fat Soluble Vitamins A, D, E, K Water Soluble B – vitamins, Vitamin C Important for maintaining balanced diet Vitamin A Deficiency Vitamin D Toxicosis Vitamin K Deficiency Don’t go into too much detail here, just broad overview http://www.womenshealth.gov/FitnessNutrition/images/vitamins.jpg

Many different functions Bone and Cartilage (ex. Calcium and Phosphorus) Maintaining fluid balances (ex. Sodium and Chloride) Muscle and Nerve functions (ex. Potassium) Enzymatic reactions (ex. Potassium and Zinc) Very important for balanced diets Calcium deficiencies

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Defined as the lack of proper nutrition or unbalanced nutrition Under-nutrition Starvation Affects pets and humans of all ages Different severities http://wiki.ornl.gov/sites/rams09/e_ferreras/PublishingImages/darfur_crisis_250.jpg http://www.fic.nih.gov/about/images/2001statement_fig1.jpg

53% of these deaths are attributable to under-nutrition http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/nut/images/malnutrition_chart.gif 53% of these deaths are attributable to under-nutrition

Has many health affects What is an ideal body weight? What is obesity? Increasing problem Evolutionary change Has many health affects What is an ideal body weight? Deifinition: Obesity – “The condition of being obese; increased body weight caused by excessive accumulation of fat” (dictionary.com) Obesity is a growing problem. Prevalence is increasing throughout the world, especially the united states Obesity is associated with many health problems and can contribute to many deaths Leave the last question open to make the audience think of the answer Evolutionary changes -store fat for winter like  bears and other animals that do not eat year around, allow mother to milk and lose weight during lactation. http://leahy.senate.gov/MFTF/images/My%20Images/2004/04/21/fat_evolution.jpg

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Diabetes Mellitus Orthopedic issues Heart Disease Liver Disease Talk about overweight large breed dogs being more likely to have orthopedic issues Emphasize how these are not the only effects of obesity. There are many more. Pictures supplied by: http://www.tsa.gov/graphics/images/travelers/twd_diabetes1.jpg http://www.franklincountyohio.gov/commissioners/ancl/Keri1.jpg http://www.epa.gov/aging/images/heart_pms202.jpg http://georgiahealthinfo.gov/cms/files/global/images/image_popup/d7_fatty_liver_disease.jpg

Cats and Type II diabetes Type I vs. Type II Cats and Type II diabetes High fat diet cause activation of a regulatory protein which can cause development of insulin resistance Over-weight cats two times more likely to get diabetes Obese cats four times more likely to get diabetes Type I – Insulin dependent, pancreas incapable of producing enough insulin Type II – Non-insulin dependent, Pancreas makes insulin but the body does not respond to it or does not recognize it Cats more prone to Type II Resources: “A Stress Signaling Pathway in Adipose Tissue Regulates Hepatic Insulin Resistance” Guadalupe Sabio, Madhumita Das, etc. www.sciencemag.org Vol 322 5 December 2008 http://www.manhattancats.com/Articles/Cats_and_Carbohydrates.html

Ruptured Cranial Cruciate Ligament Osteoarthritis Elbow and hip dysplasia Laminitis in horses Orthopedics Don’t go into too much detail here. Explain how all of these diseases can be linked to obesity

Take animals into local veterinarian Body Condition Scores Scale 1-5 Scale 1-9 Similar to BMI (body mass index) in human medicine Explain how veterinarians will give your animal a score and based on that score they will give appropriate suggestions for diet and exercise Over 85% of people with Type 2 diabetes have a body mass index of over 25 (which is overweight) Over 55%, have a BMI over 30 (which is obese)

Animals being fed one big meal a day vs. 2-3 small meals a day Quantity vs. Quality Animals being fed one big meal a day vs. 2-3 small meals a day Table Scraps Relation to human medicine If you put food in front of a horse, they will continue to eat. The poorer the quality of food the more of it is required to maintain essential nutrients Relate fast food to treats and table scraps in animals http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/energy_in_brief/images/article_images/burger_fries.jpg http://www.fda.gov/ucm/groups/fdagov-public/documents/image/ucm149738.jpg

Healthy vs. Unhealthy methods Not a quick fix! Proper diet Purina OM Science diet R/D Exercise Importance in human medicine Drugs Consult your veterinarian! To get you and your animal on the right track! Show bag of OM food http://www.bellevuewa.gov/images/Parks/woman_running_with_dog.jpg

A 40 lbs dog who is 5 lbs overweight is equivalent to a 200 lbs man being how many pounds overweight??? 25 lbs overweight http://procurement.oregon.gov/DAS/PEBB/images/websized/weightsized.jpg

The first prescription drug aimed for canine weight-loss in the USA Dirlotapide Targets small intestine Reduces fat absorption Gives a feeling of satiety Therefore reduces food intake i.e. calories Goal Lose 3% of body weight every month Different phases Weight loss phase Maintenance phase Consult your veterinarian!

Sample population was pulled from January 1999 to December 2004 Study trying to determine the distribution of Body Condition Score values for dogs examined at a veterinary hospital and to see if the scores differed from dogs with malignant neoplasm with dogs that did not have neoplasm Retrospective prevalence case-control study involving 1777 dogs with cancer and 12,893 dogs without cancer Sample population was pulled from January 1999 to December 2004 American Journal of Veterinary Research April 2007, Vol. 68, No. 4, Pages 389-398 Prevalence of obese dogs in a population of dogs with cancer Lisa P. Weeth, DVM; Andrea J. Fascetti http://avmajournals.avma.org/doi/abs/10.2460/ajvr.68.4.389

Obesity was defined as >7/9 BCS Dogs used in this study had a variety of cancers, including sarcomas, carcinomas, and round cell tumors Obesity was defined as >7/9 BCS Overall higher prevalence of obese dogs in this study (compared to previous studies) This has mirrored the increase in obese humans Results: A lower prevalence of overweight and obese dogs with sarcomas and carcinomas and no difference in BCS distribution in dogs with round cell tumors This study only used malignant neoplasm for cancer group and used 7/9 BCS to define obese, authors state that this could be a reason the results were not the expected

So is obesity related to cancer? By causation? Or, correlation? We still don’t know the answer! Need more studies! Bigger studies!

In conclusion, Nutrition plays a big role in everyday life In conclusion, Nutrition plays a big role in everyday life. Decisions we make for our animals and ourselves have many affects and consequences. A complete and balanced diet, along with exercise are key to living a long healthy life!

Purina.com Slentrol.com http://www.houstontx.gov/hr/pulsepages/spring09/graphics/obesity_illustration.gif