P HARMACEUTICALS AND P ERSONAL C ARE P RODUCTS AKEETA HARRIS ABIGAIL DeBOFSKY SIMON CHRISTENSEN

PPCP O VERVIEW Prescription and OTC drugs Veterinary drugs Fragrances Lotions Cosmetics

S CIENTIFIC C ONCERN PPCPs Enter Environment After Use WWTP not equipped for PPCPs removal Dr. Klaper: “Pharmaceuticals and personal care products found in the Great Lakes above concentrations of environmental concern”

S CIENTIFIC C ONCERN Human Health Effects Environmental Impacts Endocrine Disruption Resistance Uncertain Risks Increasing number of PPCPs Pathways

F ATE AND TRANSPORT

Biological waste from medicines not completely metabolized Directly flushing down the toilet Untreated wastewater Improper disposal Contaminated biosolids Veterinary application Domestic Farm Aquaculture

A N ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR ?

B ACKGROUND ON TRICLOSAN Detected in surface water, sediment, biosolids, soils, aquatic species and humans Half ‐ life of TCS in surface water is approximately 41 min Degrades mostly to 2,4 ‐ dichlorophenol Readily degraded in aerobic conditions, not under anaerobic conditions During the wastewater treatment process, triclosan transformed into methyltriclosan, which is more lipophilic compound, and released Other dioxin derivatives have also been documented resulting from phototransformation

T RICLOSAN IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT Exposure to triclosan and degradation products Not removed during wastewater treatment, resulting in continuous exposure Accumulates in algae and other invertebrates Also accumulates in muscle tissue in fish Has been detected in marine mammals

H UMAN IMPACT OF TRICLOSAN Excreted primarily in urine Found in plasma as well In breast milk Has even been seen in women who do not use products with triclosan Significantly lower than what is found in plasma Not enough toxicological data to support that fetus is safe with this level of exposure

R ESULTS

R ESULTS A ND C ONCLUSION Also found increased HSI in fish exposed to high doses of triclosan Liver does become larger when producing vtg Also becomes larger when exposed to toxic substances (probably this) No difference in GSI Lower sperm counts not associated with smaller testis Not entirely conclusive on triclosan as an endocrine disruptor Interspecies variation Unrealistic exposure setting