Educational Leadership and Planning for Technology Chapter 5 – Technology in Instruction Dr. Anthony G. Picciano

Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved PowerPoint Outline Background of Instructional Technology Defining Technology’s Role: A Touch of Philosophy Classification Systems Tutor Applications Tool Applications Tutee Applications Specialized Instructional Applications Curriculum Integration and Planning Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Background: Schools Are Investing in Technology In 1983, the “student to microcomputer” ratio in all public schools was about 125:1; by 2004, it was 4:1. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Background: Early Pioneers of Instructional Technology Patrick Suppes started developing computer-assisted instruction (CAI) applications in 1959 at Stanford University John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz developed the computer language BASIC in the late 1950s at Dartmouth College Donald Bitzer developed PLATO (for computer-based education and communication) at the University of Illinois in the 1960s Seymour Papert developed Logo (software for learning and teaching) in the 1960s at MIT Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Background: Six Issues Critical to Planning and Implementing Instructional Technology Access to hardware New roles for teachers and administrators 3. Integration of technology into the curriculum, especially at the elementary school level 4. Quantity and quality of software 5. Teacher preparation and training 6. Effects and outcomes of the instructional use of technology Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Defining Technology’s Role: A Touch of Philosophy Piaget – experiential learning Bloom and Gagné – problem solving and higher order thinking skills Vygotsky – construction of knowledge Papert – microworlds Experiential learning Higher order thinking skills Construction of knowledge Microworlds Instructional technology Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Classification Systems Robert Taylor’s (1980) trichotomy of “tutor, tool, tutee.” Tutor Mode – the technology (such as a computer) possesses the information and controls the learning environment Tool Mode - the technology is used to assist (or act as a tool) in the learning activity Tutee Mode – the student possesses the information and controls the learning environment Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Tutor Applications Drill and Practice are used to reinforce a lesson or material that has already been presented to the student. Tutorials attempt to teach something new and are not used specifically to reinforce material already presented—although they can do that, too. Simulations attempt to represent real-life situations on a computer. Instructional Games and Problem Solving attempt to make learning fun by combining learning, entertainment, and gamesmanship. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Tool Applications Word Processing and Desktop Publishing Electronic Spreadsheets Databases, Electronic Reference Works Specialized Tool Software Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Tutee Applications Programming Languages (Logo, BASIC) Authoring Languages (PowerPoint) Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Specialized Instructional Applications Integrated Learning Systems (ILS) Multimedia Data Communications Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Curriculum Integration and Planning Curriculum integration is a simple concept but is proving difficult to realize with instructional technology applications. Well-Designed Curriculum Technology Learning Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Curriculum Integration and Planning: Three Considerations 1. Integrating technology into the curriculum starts with making sure that teachers and students have developed a basic understanding and knowledge of computer use. 2. Planning requires the involvement of those who possess expertise and who ultimately may be responsible for implementing new applications. The fulcrum for curriculum integration and planning instructional applications is the teaching staff. 3. Because of the many applications and alternatives available, teachers and administrators need to develop a process in which priorities can be established and plans developed for the long term. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

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