Autonomous Solar Strategies Sept. 13, Gary Flomenhoft, BSME, MPP, CEE Research Associate, Gund Institute, SNR

Why Solar?

World Oil Extraction

Peak Gas and Oil

The Epoch of Fossil Fuel Exploitation (after Hubbert, 1969) Iron in Middle East Stonehenge Built Parthenon completed Pyramids constructed Mayan culture Inquisition Black Death Magellan's Circumnavigation Steam Engine Trillion kwh per year

Prices = Economic Scarcity What is the scarce resource?

Scarce resource but no price 150 years for feedback

Forms of Solar

GREECE

CHINA

HELIOCAMINUS

DUTCH

WINDOW INSULATION-DUTCH

HORTICULTURE

CONSERVATORY HEAT

ROOF GARDENS

SOLAR HOT DOGS

How much solar?

Vermont Fuel choices

VT Electric Energy Supply Mix

John’s House Rough Lumber from Local Mill Spruce Siding from Local Mill Roof Slate Recycled from Old Barn House is Super Insulated (R 30 walls dense-pack cellulose) Casement Windows are R 6 Heat w/ Wood, 1 cord/winter Back-up radiant heat 1400 square feet + basement Greenhouse is mostly recycled Double Pane Glass in Greenhouse Greenhouse Wood is Salvaged old-growth Cypress NO PLYWOOD!

Passive Solar Building Strategies 1.Choose a good site. 2.Orient east-west and 10deg to TRUE south 3.Locate most windows on south side 7-12% of ft 2. 4.Minimize windows on N,W,E sides 5.Provide overhangs or shading to regulate solar gain 6.Thermal storage mass 7.Insulate walls, ceilings, floors, foundations, & windows 8.Protect insulation from moisture 9.Seal house against air infiltration; provide air exchange 10.Provide direct solar heat to each room 11.Create sun free spaces 12.Provide properly sized eco-friendly back-up 13.Protect from wind by landscape or earth berm 14.Synchronize design with living patterns

1. Choose a good site MO.JANFEBMARAPRMAYJUNJULAUGSEPOCTNOVDEC %SUN34%43%48%47%53%59%62%59%51%43%25%24% HDD TEMPWINTER=29.4FHDD=<65F = <70F INTERIORTOT8269 BURLINGTON, VT DATA

1. Choose a good site-bearing angle

1. Choose a good site-Altitude angle

1. Choose a good site

2. Orient EAST-WEST AXIS to TRUE south STOP

2. Orient within 10deg to TRUE south

2800 km 2. Orient within 10deg to TRUE south

Declination (variation) 2. Orient within 10deg to TRUE south

PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN-5 Design Elements

PASSIVE DESIGN

PASSIVE DESIGN-Direct Gain

PASSIVE DESIGN

Indirect Gain: Trombe wall (unvented)

Indirect Gain: Trombe Wall: vented (Thermal storage or Trombe wall) Vented Trombe wall

Indirect gain: Sunspace

Ted Montgomery’s Green Home Garden Room

Looking South is a Sunroom Topped with PVs

Review of Indirect Gain Principles-Chiras 1.Orient south +-10 degrees 2.High performance glass 3.Thermally isolate glass 4.High quality caulk 5.Use Selective surface or high temp paint 6.Use dense material 7.Minimal interior finish 8.Insulate glass at night Direct + Indirect glazing = MAX 20% of floor area

Selective Surfaces

3. Locate most windows on south side South glass: 7-12% of floor footage SQUARE FOOTAGE = HEATED FLOOR AREA EXAMPLE: 12% OF 3000 SQ FT = 360 SQ FT 4. Minimize windows on N,W,E sides North glass: <=4% East glass: <=4% West glass: <=2% Use low-e multiple panes

Windows-Yestermorrow Windows Facing South Ventilation throughout building Triple pane glass

PASSIVE DESIGN

What kind of windows?

What Kind of Windows?

Window insulation

5. Provide overhangs or shading to regulate solar gain

L = Length of Projection H = Height of window opening L = H / F44º latitude: F=

5. Provide overhangs or shading to regulate solar gain

6. Thermal mass-maximize surface area Sun-tempered = 7% of floor footage. Incidental mass takes care of it (sheetrock, framing, furniture) >7% glazing needs extra mass. MASS 4-6” thick: *Mass proportional to glazing* DIRECT FLOOR MASS: Each square foot of glazing over 7% x 5.5 or INDIRECT FLOOR MASS: glazing >7%sq.ft. x 40 or INDIRECT WALL MASS: glazing >7% x 8.3

6. Thermal mass-Values Adobe20 Brick24 Concrete35 Earth20 sand22 Steel59 Stone35 water63 wood10.6

Insulated Thermal Mass Floor In Sunroom 6. Thermal mass

Radiant Heat Floor: Stained Cement 6. Thermal mass

Solar Storage in Cans Full of High- Performance Salt (phase change) 6. Thermal mass

7. Insulate Walls, ceiling, floors, foundations, & windows Recommendations: (Olson and Schwartz) ClimateWallceiling TemperateR-30R-60 ColdR-40R-80 HotR-40R-80 Kachadorian (Vermont) R-32R-40 Fiberglass/cellulose = R3/inch R-80 = 27”!

7. Insulation

7. Insulate Walls, ceiling, floors, foundations, & windows

7. Insulation-cold attic

7. Insulation-cathedal ceiling or warm attic-roof spans

7. Insulation

7. Insulation-summary Saskatchewan superinsulated house quote.

8. Protect insulation from moisture: Use vapor barrier on warm side 9. Seal House against air infiltration; provide air exchange

9. Seal house against infiltration; provide air exchange

10. Provide direct solar heat to each room-clerestories

Cordwood construction

10. Provide direct solar heat to each room-Skylight

10. Provide direct solar heat (&light) to each room

“Solar Tubes” Day Lighting 11. Create sun-free spaces

“Solar Tubes” From Inside 11. Create sun-free spaces

Central Wood Pellet Boiler 12. Provide properly sized eco-friendly back-up

Wood Pellets 12. Provide properly sized eco-friendly back-up

Berming for Insulation And Wind protection Prefinished metal roof 13. Protect from wind by landscaping or earth berm

14. Synchronize with living patterns?

SOLAR HOT WATER SYSTEMS

Solar Hot water: Collectors-Flat Plate

Solar Hot Water Collectors-Evacuated tube

100% heat and hot water/no fuel-ground source heat pump

Photovoltaic Systems (Electricity)

Photovoltaic Systems- Rigid panels on roof

PV Systems-BIPS-standing seam metal systems

PV Systems- BIPS-Field Applied Roofing Laminate (PVL)

PV Systems-BIPS “sunslate” solar tiles

PV Systems-Sunslate tile (crystalline)

PV Systems-BIPS: Uni-Solar tiles (amorphous)

PV Systems-BIPS Uni-solar tiles

100% power Vermont -Combine PV & wind w/grid intertie=less batteries

100% power-Grid tie & independent inverter