Apical bud Node Leaves Internode Axillary bud Branch Stem Shoot system Root system Lateral roots Sunlight CO 2 Water Taproot Nutrients (such as N, P, K)

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Apical bud Node Leaves Internode Axillary bud Branch Stem Shoot system Root system Lateral roots Sunlight CO 2 Water Taproot Nutrients (such as N, P, K) Plants: photosynthetic multicellular autotrophs with cellulosic cell walls Growing points Meristems Plant traits:

longitudinal section of stem apex longitudinal section of root tip

Cross sections: Dermal tissue system (brown) Ground tissue system (gray) Vascular tissue system (red) Dermal tissue system (brown) Ground tissue system (gray) Vascular tissue system (red) Meristematic tissue Leaf Stem Root Meristematic tissue Root system Shoot system

(a)Plant cells have unique organelles: cell walls, vacuoles, and chloroplasts; and other organelles in common with animal cells: Cell wall Plasma membrane Vacuole Chloroplast Mitochondrion Golgi apparatus Plasma membrane Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Cell wall Smooth ER Plasmodesma Plasma membrane Cell 2 Cell 1 (b) Adjacent plant cells are connected by plasmodesmata.

Primary cell wall Plasma membrane Side view 50 nm Cellulose microfibrils Top view Cross-links Pectin 1  m Plant cells are bounded by a cellulosic cell wall. Most cells have only primary (1 st ) walls:Woody cells have secondary walls: cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, proteinsincluding lignin, and many layers of cellulose microfibrils Functions of cell walls:

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