13.1 Natural resources support human activity 13.2 Minerals and rocks are nonrenewable resources 13.3 Resources can be conserved and recycled 13.4 Resources can be converted to useful forms Chapter 13: Natural Resources

Warm-up questions… Renewable resources are replaced over the course of millions of years. Renewable resources are replaced at about the same rate they are used. Nonrenewable resources include sunlight, water, and wind. Nonrenewable resources include coal, oil, natural gas, and uranium. Most of the electricity in the United States comes from fossil fuels. true

Minerals have many uses in industry Mineral deposits are sources of (examples): metals for cars and airplanes quartz and feldspar for glass fluorite and calcite for toothpaste Silver compounds for photographic film Mica and talc for paint

Minerals have many uses in the arts Gemstones Used in ancient Egyptian jewelry 4000 ya Birthstones Found as rough and irregularly shaped Must be cut and grinded then polished = beauty & sparkle Need a mineral harder than the gemstone to shape/polish Metals: ex - gold, silver Combine with copper to increase hardness

What mineral does the aluminum for soda cans come from? Bauxite Where does the lead used in batteries and weights come from? Galena What is a mineral used to make abrasives? quartz

Minerals form in several ways Form through natural process Form when atoms of one or more substances join together and crystals grow Depend on what elements are present, and the temperature/pressure

Mineral formation Water evaporates And leaves behind the dissolved substances – minerals Salt water evaporates – halite atoms form crystals  table salt Ex: salt, gypsum Hot water cools Hot water moves through rocks in the Earth’s crust – dissolves minerals Water cools, minerals separate from water  becomes solid again After cooling, may then become part of another mineral

Mineral formation Molten rock cools Magma contains all types of atoms found in minerals As magma cools, atoms join  minerals Also form as lava cools Ex: quartz Heat and pressure cause changes Bonds between atoms break andjoin again Ex: garnet (formed by replacing chlorite and quartz) Ex: carbon  graphite, diamond Organisms produce minerals Ex: ocean animals: oysters, clams, produce calcite and other carbonate minerals for their shells Humans: produce apatite for your bones and teeth

Mineral Formation In this visual, how do the locations of the examples of mineral formation change from the top of the picture to the bottom? They go from the surface of Earth to deeper and deeper within Earth. Where does the evaporation of water to form gypsum take place? on Earth’s surface, along a shoreline Where and how can gold crystallize? underground, in cracks in rocks, as hot water cools What might be a source of heat for underground water? Magma Where does magma cool and form minerals first? around the edges of the body of magma How does graphite form? by the exposure of carbon to high heat within Earth

Which mineral resources might the United States need to import? aluminum, diamond, gold From what continents could the United States import aluminum? South America, Africa, Asia, Australia What symbol is used to identify copper? a circle

Many minerals are mined Some minerals are found near Earth’s surface others lie deep underground Most minerals are combined with other minerals in rocks Rocks that contain enough of a mineral to be mined for a profit are called ores

Surface Mining Minerals at or near Earth’s surface are recovered by surface mining. Some minerals, such as gold, are very dense can build up in riverbeds as less dense minerals are carried away by the water Small scale: panning - a miner uses a pan to wash away unwanted minerals that are less dense, gold remains Larger riverbed mining operations: miners use machines to dig out and separate the valuable minerals.

Surface mining – strip mining Miners strip away plants, soil, and unwanted rocks from Earth’s surface Then they use machines to dig out an ore.

Surface Mining – open-pit mining Also involves removing the surface layer of soil Miners then use explosives to break up the underlying rock and recover the ore As they dig a deep hole, or pit, to mine the ore, they build roads up the sides of the pit Trucks carry the ore to the surface. Ex: Copper and Iron ore

Deep Mining when an ore lies far below Earth’s surface When the ore is inside a mountain or hill, miners can cut a level passage to reach the mineral they want Miners dig a vertical passage to reach an ore that lies underground in a flat area or under a mountain From the main passage, miners blast, drill, cut, or dig the ore If the body of ore is horizontal, miners dig farther and farther into the hill or mountain If it is vertical, they remove the ore in layers