MINNESOTA MULTIPHASIC PERSONALITY INVENTORY AN OVERVIEW

MMPI ORIGINAL INSTRUMENT DEVELOPED IN LATE 1930’S MOST WIDELY USED AND EXTENSIVELY RESEARCHED OF ALL PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS REVISED IN 1989--MMPI-2

MMPI POPULARITY OF THE INSTRUMENT DUE TO 3 ASPECTS OF ITS DEVELOPMENT MULTIPHASIC NATURE OF THE TEST FORMAL ASSESSMENT OF TEST TAKING ATTITUDE EMPIRICAL BASIS FOR ITEM SELECTION

MMPI CLINICAL SCALE DEVELOPMENT AUTHORED BY HATHAWAY AND S McKINLEY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA HOSPITALS SELECTED A POOL OF OVER 1000 ITEMS FROM A VARIETY OF SOURCES, PSYCH TEXTS, INTERVIEWS, AND THEIR OWN CLINICAL EXPERIENCE

MMPI CLINICAL SCALE DEVELOPMENT DELETED DUPLICATE ITEMS AND ELIMINATED THOSE NOT USEFUL FOR THEIR PURPOSES LEAVING A POOL OF 504 ITEMS THESE ITEMS PRESENTED AS FIRST PERSON DECLARATIVE STATEMENTS TO WHICH SUBJECT RESPONDED EITHER TRUE OR FALSE

MMPI CLINICAL SCALE DEVELOPMENT TESTED A GROUP OF “NORMALS” AND COMPARED THEIR RESPONSES WITH THOSE OF CAREFULLY IDENTIFIED GROUPS OF PATIENTS FROM SPECIFIC DIAGNOSTIC CATEGORIES

MMPI CLINICAL SCALE DEVELOPMENT ORIGINAL 8 DIAGNOSTIC COMPARISON CATEGORIES WERE HYPOCHONDRIASIS, DEPRESSION, HYSTERIA, PSYCHOPATHIC DEVIATE, PARANOIA, PSYCHASTHENIA, SCHIZOPHRENIA, AND HYPOMANIA

MMPI CLINICAL SCALE DEVELOPMENT THE PROPORTION OF TRUE VS. FALSE RESPONSES GIVEN BY THE PATIENT GROUP WAS COMPARED TO THE PROPORTION OF TRUE VS. FALSE GIVEN BY THE “NORMAL” GROUP TESTED FOR SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES AT .05 LEVEL

MMPI CLINICAL SCALE DEVELOPMENT RETAINED ITEMS THAT WERE SIGNIFICANT AND CROSS-VALIDATED THEM AGAINST 4 ADDITIONAL REFERENCE GROUPS TO BE RETAINED AN ITEM HAD TO DISCRIMINATE BETWEEN THE PATIENT GROUP AND PRIMARY NORMAL GROUP & CROSS VALIDATE

MMPI CLINICAL SCALE DEVELOPMENT EACH SCALE WAS THEN NORMED BY CALCULATING THE MEAN AND SD IN THE PRIMARY NORM GROUP MASCULINITY-FEMININITY SCALE AND SOCIAL INTROVERSION SCALES WERE DEVELOPED LATER AND DIFFERENTLY THAN THE ORIGINAL 8 SCALES

MMPI Mf SCALE DEVELOPMENT 55 ITEMS RELATING TO SEXUAL ORIENTATION OR GENDER INTEREST PATTERNS WERE ADDED TO THE POOL TEST WAS ADMINISTERED TO AN IDENTIFIED GROUP OF MALE HOMOSEXUALS AND A GROUP OF MALE SOLDIERS

MMPI Mf SCALE DEVELOPMENT FEW ITEMS ACTUALLY DISCRIMINATED BETWEEN THE TWO GROUPS SO ITEMS THAT DISCRIMINATED BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN WERE USED FOR THE Mf SCALE

MMPI SI SCALE DEVELOPMENT MMPI ITEMS THAT DISCRIMINATED BETWEEN STUDENTS SCORING ABOVE THE 65TH PERCENTILE FROM THOSE SCORING BELOW THE 65TH PERCENTILE ON THE MINNESOTA T-S-E, A TEST OF SOCIAL INTROVERSION-EXTRAVERSION WERE INCLUDED ON SI SCALE

MMPI VALIDITY SCALE DEVELOPMENT ? CANNOT SAY SCALE IS NOT ACTUALLY A SCALE BUT SIMPLY THE NUMBER OF TEST ITEMS EITHER OMITTED OR DOUBLE MARKED L (LIE) SCALE CONSIST OF 15 ITEMS ORIGINALLY CONSTRUCTED TO DETECT DELIBERATE LYING, USING A RATIONAL SELECTION PROCESS

MMPI VALIDITY SCALE DEVELOPMENT F SCALE CONSISTS OF 60 ITEMS ENDORSED ONLY RARELY BY NORMALS SCALE DERIVED BY INCLUDING THOSE QUESTIONS FROM THE NORMING SAMPLE THAT WERE RESPONDED TO IN THE SCORED DIRECTION BY < 10% OF NORMALS

MMPI VALIDITY SCALE DEVELOPMENT K (CORRECTION SCALE) CONSISTS OF 30 ITEMS TO DETECT MORE SUBTLE ATTEMPTS TO DENY FAULTS OR PRESENT ONESELF FAVORABLY DERIVED FROM THOSE QUESTIONS THAT COULD DISCRIMINATE BETWEEN “NORMALS” AND PATIENTS WITH KNOWN PATHOLOGY WHO PRODUCED NORMAL PROFILES

MMPI FINAL VERSION OF MMPI CONSISTED OF 566 ITEMS ON 10 CLINICAL SCALES AND FOUR VALIDITY SCALES

MMPI VALIDITY SCALES CANNOT SAY ? LIE L FREQUENCY F CORRECTION K

MMPI CLINICAL SCALES HYPOCHONDRIASIS Hs 1 DEPRESSION D 2 HYSTERIA Hy 3 PSYCHOPATHIC DEVIATE Pd 4 MASCULINITY-FEMININITY Mf 5

MMPI PARANOIA Pa 6 PSYCHASTHENIA Pt 7 SCHIZOPHRENIA Sc 8 HYPOMANIA Ma 9 SOCIAL INTROVERSION Si 0

MMPI-2 AN OVERVIEW

MMPI-2 NORMING SAMPLE PROBLEMATIC MINNESOTA “NORMALS” WHITE RURAL BACKGROUND FARMERS/BLUE COLLAR WORKERS PROTESTANT SCANDANAVIAN BACKGROUND 35 YEARS OLD W/ 8TH GRADE EDUC

MMPI-2 ORIGINAL ITEMS OBSOLETE, POLITICALLY INCORRECT, OR OFFENSIVE ELIMINATED AND/OR REWORDED ITEMS; ADDED ITEMS TO INCLUDE AREAS SUCH AS SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND MARITAL RELATIONSHIPS TO GET POOL OF 704 ITEMS

MMPI-2 EXPERIMENTAL FORM WAS ADMINISTERED TO NEW STANDARDIZATION SAMPLE NEW SAMPLE AGE 18-90 WIDE GEOGRAPHIC AREA GENERALLY COMPARES WELL WITH US CENSUS DATA

MMPI-2 FINAL VERSION CONSISTS OF 567 ITEMS ORIGINAL 4 VALIDITY SCALES AND 10 CLINICAL SCALES (ALL IN FIRST 370 ITEMS) IN ADDITION TO NEW VALIDITY SCALES RESULTS ARE EXPRESSED AS UNIFORM T SCORES

MMPI-2 ADMINISTRATION RECOMMENDED FOR USE WITH PERSONS 18 YEARS OLD OR OLDER NEED AT LEAST 8 YEARS OF EDUCATION MOST ITEMS WRITTEN 6TH-8TH GRADE READING LEVEL NORMAL TESTING TIME 60-90 MINUTES

MMPI-2 SUBECTS SHOULD BE INFORMED WHY THE TEST IS BEING ADMINISTERED SHOULD BE GIVEN FEEDBACK RE/ RESULTS AVOID PROVIDING DIRECT HELP EMPHASIZE THAT THEY SHOULD RESPOND IN WAY THAT REFLECTS THEIR CURRENT THOUGHTS, FEELINGS, BEHAVIORS, AND EXPERIENCES

MMPI-2 SCORING HAND SCORING INVOLVES USE OF SEMI-TRANSPARENT TEMPLATES PLACED OVER THE ANSWER SHEET EXAMINE ANSWER SHEET FOR DOUBLE MARKED OR OMITTED ITEMS & CIRCLE SEPARATE ANSWER SHEETS BY SEX COUNT # OF RESPONSES IN BOXES

MMPI-2 THIS BECOMES THE RAW SCORE FOR THAT SCALE WHICH IS ENTERED IN APPROPRIATE SPACE ON PROFILE SHEET PROFILE SHEETS ARE TWO SIDED-M/F PLOT VALIDITY SCALE SCORES BY MARKING AT THE ELEVATION THAT REFLECTS THE RAW SCORE. CONNECT VALIDITY SCALES WITH A LINE

MMPI-2 BEFORE PLOTTING CLINICAL SCALES ADD APPROPRIATE “K CORRECTION” TO SCALES 1,4,7,8, AND 9. MARK THE ELEVATION OF THE 10 CLINICAL SCALES ON PROFILE SHEET. CONNECT WITH A LINE RECORD THE UNIFORM T SCORE FOR EACH SCALE (ON FAR LEFT AND RIGHT COLUMN OF PROFILE SHEET)

MMPI-2 INTERPRETATION FIRST, DETERMINE THE VALIDITY OF THE PROFILE ( TEST TAKING ATTITUDE OF THE SUBJECT) EXAMINE BASIC SCALES FOR CLINICAL MEANING T>65 IS ELEVATED T<40 LOW

MMPI-2-CANNOT SAY SCALE NOT A SCALE BUT THE # OF ITEMS DOUBLE MARKED OR OMITTED > 30 ITEMS INVALIDATES PROFILE HIGH SCORE READING PROBLEM CARELESSNESS OCD/INDECISIVENESS QUESTIONS DO NOT APPLY/LACK INFO

MMPI-2 LIE (L) SCALE ORIGINALLY CONSTRUCTED TO DETECT A DELIBERATE AND UNSOPHISTICATED ATTEMPT TO PRESENT ONESELF IN A POSITIVE LIGHT 15 ITEMS HIGH SCORE INDICATES DENIAL AS A PROMINENT DEFENSE MECHANISM EXAMPLES OF L SCALE ITEMS: ONCE IN A WHILE I THINK OF THINGS TOO BAD TO TALK ABOUT (F) I DO NOT READ EVERY EDITORIAL IN THE NEWSPAPER EVERY DAY (F) IF I COULD GET INTO A MOVIE WITHOUT PAYING AND BE SURE THAT I WAS NOT SEEN I WOULD PROBABLY DO IT (F) HIGH L SCORES DON NOT INVALIDATE THE PROFILE. IT SIMPLY INDICATES A MEASURE OF DENIAL AND BLATANT NAÏVE DEFENSIVENESS

MMPI-2 LIE (L) SCALE HIGH SCORES CLERGY LIMITED SOCIAL AWARENESS SOCIOPATHS LIMITED INSIGHT, DENIAL, POOR TOLERANCE FOR STRESS PRESENTING SELF IN UNREALISTICALLY POSITIVE LIGHT

MMPI-2 LIE (L) SCALE LOW SCORES BETTER EDUCATED, BRIGHTER, MORE SOPHISTICATED PERSONS TEND TO SCORE LOWER SCORES <45 SUGGEST THAT SUBJECT RESPONDED FRANKLY TO ITEMS AND WAS COMFORTABLE ENOUGH TO ADMIT TO MINOR FAULTS AND SHORTCOMINGS

MMPI-2 INFREQUENCY (F) SCALE ELEVATIONS ON F > 65 SCORING ERRORS POOR READING ABILITY FAKING BAD (T>95) EXAGGERATING SYMPTOMS EXPRESSION OF DEFIANCE, HOSTILITY, NEGATIVITY T 70-95 MOST SIGNIFICANT PATHOLOGY F SCALE WAS ORIGINALLY DESIGNED TO REFLECT INADEQUATE READING ABILITY. SCALE WAS NAMED “FEEBLEMINDEDNESS” HENCE THE ABBREVIATION F SAMPLE QUESTIONS EVIL SPIRITS POSSESS ME AT TIMES (T) WHEN I AM WITH PEOPLE, I AM BOTHERED BY HEARING VERY STRANGE THINGS (T) I BELIEVE I AM BEING PLOTTED AGAINST (T)

MMPI-2 INFREQUENCY (F) SCALE LOW SCORES ABSENCE OF BIZARRE OR UNUSUAL THINKING MAY BE ATTEMPT TO FAKE GOOD

MMPI-2 CORRECTION (K) SCALE ITEMS DETECT MORE SUBTLE OR SOPHISTICATED ATTEMPTS TO DENY FAULTS AND PRESENT ONESELF FAVORABLY HIGH SCORES NOT CORRELATED WITH SPECIFIC BEHAVIORS BUT INSTEAD REFLECT A RELUCTANCE TO ADMIT TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AMONG NORMAL ADULTS K IS NOT SO MUCH A MEASURE OF DEFENSIVENESS AS IT IS PERSONALITY INTEGRATION AND ADJUSTMENT, WITH HIGHER SCORES REFLECTING HEALTHY ADJUSTMENT SAMPLE QUESTIONS PEOPLE OFTEN DISAPPOINT ME (F) I THINK NEARLY ANY ONE WOULD TELL A LIE TO KEEP OUT OF TROUBLE (F) I HAVE VERY FEW QUARRELS WITH MEMBERS OF MY FAMILY (T)

MMPI-2 CORRECTION (K) SCALE HIGH SCORES >65 INDICATIVE OF PERSONS WHO ARE VERY GUARDED AND DEFENSIVE AND SHOW MARKED RESISTENCE TO PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBING AND ASSESSMENT MINIMIZE AND OVERLOOK FAULTS IN SELF AND FAMILIES

MMPI-2 CORRECTION (K) SCALE K SCALE SCORES INFLUENCED BY SETTING, SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, AND EDUCATION LEVEL. HIGHER SCORES OCCUR NORMALLY IN WELL EDUCATED PERSONS HIGH SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS LOW SCORES MAY BE FAKE BAD OR DETERIORATED DEFENSES

MMPI-2 NEW VALIDITY SCALES BACK F (Fb) SCALE designed to identify a “fake-bad” mode of responding for last 197 items TRUE RESPONSE INCONSISTENCY SCALE (TRIN) designed to detect yeasaying/naysaying VARIABLE RESPONSE INCONSISTENCY SCALE (VRIN) designed to detect inconsistent responding TRIN SAMPLE QUESTIONS PAIRED ITEMS WITH CONTRADICTORY OR OPPOSITE CONTENT I WAKE UP FRESH AND RESTED MOST MORNINGS MY SLEEP IS FITFUL AND DISTURBED IF SUBJECT ANSWERED TRUE TO BOTH OF THESE ITEMS INCONSISTENCY IS REFLECTED AND ONE POINT IS SCORED VRIN SAMPLE UESTION PAIRED ITEMS EITHER SIMILAR OR OPPOSITE IN CONTENT ITEM ABOVE INCLUDED MY FATHER IS A GOOD MAN, OR (IF YOUR FATHER IS DEAD) MY FATHER WAS A GOOD MAN I LOVE MY FATHER, OR (IF YOUR FATHER IS DEAD) I LOVED MY FATHER. THESE HAVE SIMILAR CONTENT SO IF ONE IS ANSWERED TRUE AND THE OTHER FALSE THENONE POINT IS SCORED

INTERPRETATION OF VALIDITY K > 65 MAY SUGGEST A DEFENSIVE PROFILE FAKE BAD (OVERREPORTING PSYCHOPATHOLOGY) T SCORE > 95 ON F (T SCORES > 85 ON 6,7,AND 8) WITH L AND K < 45

INTERPRETATION OF VALIDITY FAKING GOOD (UNDERREPORTING PSYCHOPATHOLOGY) K > 65 AND MOST CLINICAL SCALES AND F < 45 F-K INDEX RAW F SCORE - RAW K SCORE +11OR MORE SUGGESTS FAKING BAD -11 OR LESS SUGGEST FAKING GOOD F-K HAS NOT BEEN VALIDATED ON THE MMPI-2 SO SHOULD BE USED WITH CAUTION HIGHER VALUES ARE EXPECTED IN FORENSIC AND PSYCHIATRIC SETTINGS AND A HIGHER CUTOFF SCORE IS SUGGESTED (15)

SCALE 1-HYPOCHONDRIASIS DESIGNED TO INDICATE A VARIETY OF PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS CONSISTENT WITH BUT NOT NECESSARILY DIAGNOSTIC OF HYPOCHONDRIASIS Sample questions I have a good appetite (f) My hands and feet are usually warm enough (f) I am troubled by attacks of nausea nd vomiting (t)

SCALE 1-HYPOCHONDRIASIS HIGH SCORES SUGGESTIVE OF HIGH CONCERN WITH ILLNESS OR DISEASE SOMATIZATION AS DEFENSE MECHANISM SOUR, WHINY, COMPLAINING ATTITUDE; HOSTILITY/CYNICISM EXPRESSED INDIRECTLY

SCALE 1-HYPOCHONDRIASIS LOW SCORES SUGGESTIVE OF CHEERFUL, OPTIMISTIC ATTITUDE NON ENDORSEMENT OF SOMATIC COMPLAINTS

SCALE 2-DEPRESSION DESIGNED TO MEASURE SYMPTOMATIC DEPRESSION, AN ATTITUDE CHARACTERIZED BY POOR MORALE, LACK OF HOPE FOR THE FUTURE, AND A GENERAL DISSATISFACTION WITH LIFE Sample questions I wish I could be as happy as others seem to be (t) I am certainly lacking in self confidence (t) I usually feel that life is worthwhile (f)

SCALE 2-DEPRESSION ITEMS DEAL WITH VARIOUS ASPECTS OF DEPRESSION- DENIAL OF HAPPINESS & PERSONAL WORTH, PSYCHOMOTOR RETARDATION, LACK OF INTEREST, SOCIAL WITHDRAWAL, PHYSICAL COMPLAINTS, & EXCESSIVE WORRY STATE MEASURE--SITUATIONAL

SCALE 2-DEPRESSION HIGH SCORES SUGGESTIVE OF DEPRESSED WORRY PESSIMISM INDECISION, DOUBT HOPELESSNESS, SUICIDAL IDEATION

SCALE 2-DEPRESSION LOW SCORES SUGGESTIVE OF LACK OF DEPRESSION, WORRY, PESSIMISM TENDENCY TO FEEL COMFORTABLE WITH LIFE CHEERFULNESS, BUOYANCY, OPTIMISM SAMPLE QUESTIONS I WISH I COULD BE AS HAPPY AS OTHERS SEEM TO BE (T) I AM CERTAINLY LACKING IN SELF-CONFIDENCE I USUALLY FEEL THAT LIFE IS WORTHWHILE

SCALE 3-HYSTERIA ITEMS TAP TWO BROAD AREAS: SPECIFIC SOMATIC COMPLAINTS AND DENIAL OF PSYCHOLGICAL OR EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS AND OF DISCOMFORT IN SOCIAL SITUATIONS

SCALE 3-HYSTERIA HIGH SCORES SUGGESTIVE OF IMMATURITY, EGOCENTRICITY, DEMANDING HISTRIONIC CHARACTERISTICS AND REPRESSIVE DEFENSIVES VANITY, LACKING IN INSIGHT SHALLOW INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS

SCALE 3-HYSTERIA LOW SCORES SUGGESTIVE OF CONSTRICTED, CONFORMING, OVERLY CONVENTIONAL SUSPICIOUS INDIVIDUAL REALISTIC, LOGICAL, LEVEL HEADED NOT PRONE TO IMPULSIVE DECISIONS SAMPLE QUESTIONS MUCH OF THE TIME MY HEAD SEEMS TO HURT ALL OVER (T) I HAVE NEVER HAD A FAINTING SPELL (F) I FIND IT HARD TO MAKE TALK WHEN I MEET NEW PEOPLE (F)

SCALE 4-PSYCHOPATHIC DEVIATE ITEMS REFLECT A PRIMARY DIMENSION RANGING FROM CONSTRICTED SOCIAL CONFORMITY TO ANTISOCIAL ACTING-OUT IMPULSES

SCALE 4-PSYCHOPATHIC DEVIATE HIGH SCORES SUGGESTIVE OF GENERAL MALADJUSTMENT ANGRY DISIDENTIFICATION WITH CONVENTION AND NORMS IMPULSE CONTROL PROBLEMS DISREGARD FOR RIGHTS OF OTHERS UNWILLING TO ACCEPT RESPONSIBILITY FOR BEHAVIORS

SCALE 4-PSYCHOPATHIC DEVIATE LOW SCORES SUGGESTIVE OF OVERLY CONVENTIONAL, CONFORMING, & MORALISTIC AVOID COMPETITIVE SITUATIONS STRONG GUILT OVER MINOR INFRACTIONS Sample questions I am sure I get a raw deal from life (t) No one seems to understand me (t) I have never been in trouble because of my sex behavior (f)

SCALE 5 MASCULINITY-FEMININITY (Mf) 56 ITEMS MEASURE THE EXTENT TO WHICH SUBJECT ENDORSES OR IDENTIFIES WITH CULTURALLY STEREOTYPIC MASCULINE OR FEMININE INTEREST PATTERNS, VOCATIONAL CHOICES, ASTHETIC INTERESTS AND AN ACTIVITY-PASSIVITY DIMENSION Sample questions I think I would like the work of a librarian (t) I like poetry (t) I enjoy reading love stories (t)

SCALE 5 MASCULINITY-FEMININITY (Mf) A HIGH SCORE FOR EITHER SEX IS INDICATIVE OF DEVIATION

SCALE 5 MASCULINITY-FEMININITY (Mf) MALES WITH HIGH SCORES TEND TO BE RATHER PASSIVE, DEPENDENT, AMBITIOUS, SENSITIVE, AND INTERESTED IN CULTURAL AND AESTHETIC PURSUITS MALES WITH LOW SCORES TEND TO BE STEREOTYPICALLY MASCULINE AND PLACE GREAT EMPHASIS ON TRADITIONALLY MASCULINE BEHAVIORS

SCALE 5 MASCULINITY-FEMININITY (Mf) FEMALES WITH HIGH SCORES HAVE REJECTED TRADITIONAL FEMININE ROLE. DESCRIBED AS ACTIVE, AGGRESSIVE, ASSERTIVE, COMPETITIVE, UNINHIBITED, AND DOMINEERING FEMALES WITH LOW SCORES ARE PASSIVE, SUBMISSIVE YIELDING AND DEMURE

SCALE 6-PARANOIA (Pa) 40 ITEMS MEASURES IDEATION RANGING FROM OBVIOUSLY PSYCHOTIC TO SUSPICIOUSNESS AND SELF-RIGHTEOUSNESS. CONTENT OF ITEMS IS OBVIOUS MAKING IT EASIER TO FAKE THAN MOST Sample questions If people had not had it in for me, I would have been much more successful (t) I believe that I am being plotted against (t) At times I hear so well it bothers me (t)

SCALE 6-PARANOIA (Pa) HIGH SCORES IN RANGE OF T>60-70 INDICATES HYPERSENSITIVITY TO CRITICISM, BASIC MISTRUST, TENDENCY TO HARBOR GRUDGES, ANGER, HOSTILITY, E.G. PARANOID TENDENCES AND /OR PARANOID PERSONALITY DISORDER

SCALE 6-PARANOIA (Pa) HIGH SCORES BEYOND 75 THE POSSIBILITY OF PSYCHOSIS BECOMES MORE LIKELY LOW SCORES <35 SUGGEST 1) SELF CENTERED, STUBBORN, UNAWARE; 2) COLD AND CALLOUS PRESENTATION; 3) OVERTLY PARANOID, DELUSIONAL, DEFENSIVE, AND EVASIVE

SCALE 7 PSYCHASTHENIA (Pt) 48 ITEMS REFLECTING CHRONIC ANXIETY, GENERAL DISSATISFACTION WITH LIFE, INDECISIVENESS, DIFFICULTY WITH CONCENTRATION, SELF DOUBT, RUMINATION AND AGITATED CONCERN ABOUT SELF AND THE OBSESSIONAL ASPECTS OF OCD Sample questions I find it hard to keep my mind on a task or job (t) I feel anxiety about something or someone almost all the time (t) Life is a strain for me much of the time (t)

SCALE 7 PSYCHASTHENIA (Pt) GOOD INDEX OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TURMOIL AND DISCOMFORT HIGH SCORES ARE DESCRIBED AS RIGID, METICULOUS, MORALISTIC AND DISSATISFIED WITH THEIR PRESENT LIFE SITUATION. ANXIETY IS PRONOUNCED. GENERALIZED PHYSICAL COMPLAINTS ARE COMMON

SCALE 8 SCHIZOPHRENIA (Sc) 78 ITEMS TAP DIMENSIONS OF SCHIZOID MENTATION, FEELINGS OF BEING DIFFERENT, ISOLATED, BIZARRE THOUGHT PROCESSES, POOR FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS, SEXUAL IDENTITY CONCERNS, TENDENCY TO WITHDRAW INTO WISH FULFILLING FANTASY Sapmple questions At times I have fits of laughing and crying that I cannot control (t) I have had very peculiar and strange experiences (t) Most anytime I would rather sit and daydream than do anything else (t)

SCALE 8 SCHIZOPHRENIA (Sc) HIGH SCORES INDICATIVE OF THOUGHT DISTURBANCES , LOOSE ASSOCIATIONS, POOR JUDGEMENT, MISINTERPRETATION OF REALITY OTHER NON-PSYCHOTIC HIGH SCORERERS TEND TO FEEL LONELY ALIENATED, ISOLATED, MISUNDERSTOOD, NOT PART OF SOCIAL GROUP

SCALE 8 SCHIZOPHRENIA (Sc) LOW SCORES TEND TO BE INTERESTED IN PEOPLE AND PRACTICAL MATTERS TO THE EXCLUSION OF THEORETICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL CONCERNS, CONCRETE THINKERS, COMPLIANT, SUBMISSIVE, OVERLY ACCEPTING OF AUTHORITY

SCALE 9 HYPOMANIA (Ma) 46 ITEMS THAT ARE A DIRECT MEASURE OF ENERGY LEVEL T SCORES >85 SUGGESTIVE OF MANIC DISORDER. T SCORES IN RANGE OF 70-85 ARE RESTLESS, ENTHUSIASTIC, IMPATIENT, ENERGETIC, GREGARIOUS, EXAGGERATED SENSE OF SELF WORTH AND IMPORTANCE Sample questions I am an important person (t) At times my thoughts have raced ahead faster than I could speak them (t) I have periods of such great restlessness that I cannot sit long in a chair (t)

SCALE 9 HYPOMANIA (Ma) LOW SCORES <40 ARE LISTLESS, LETHARGIC, LOW IN DRIVE, DIFFICULT TO MOTIVATE, LACK INTEREST, INITIATIVE AND INVOLVEMENT; SHOW CHRONIC FATIGUE AND EVEN PHYSICAL EXHAUSTION

SCALE 0-SOCIAL INTROVERSION (Si) 69 ITEMS ASSESSING INTROVERSION-EXTROVERSION DIMENSION WITH HIGH SCORES INDICATIVE OF INTROVERSION HIGH SCORES INTROVERTED, SHY, SOCIALLY INEPT WITH TENDENCY TO WITHDRAW LOW SCORES ADEPT IN SOCIAL SITUATIONS, GREGARIOUS, EXTROVERTED Sample questions I wish I couas others seem to be (t) It makes me uncomfortable to put on a stunt at a party even when others are doing the same sorts of things (t) I am a very sociable person (f)