Botany Handbook for Florida Master Gardener Training Instructor: Ann McMullian Indian River State College

Plant Names Nomenclature

Plant nomenclature (use of scientific names) Common name vs Plant nomenclature (use of scientific names) Common name vs. Scientific name (botanical name)

Common names are more widely used because they are easier to pronounce and remember. Common names only have value if both persons know exactly which plant is being discussed. This only happens when people are from the same area or community.

Hortus third list 27 plants named “Jasmine”

To prevent confusion it is recommended to use both the scientific and common name.

Each plant has a scientific name Each plant has a scientific name. Example: Magnolia grandiflora The two-word (binomial) scientific name is made up off: Genus + specific epithet = Species

Magnolia grandiflora ↑ The specific epithet describes a characteristic of the plant. The scientific name is italicized or underlined. The Genus is capitalized. The specific epithet is not capitalized.

Examples of species: Citrus sinensis

Examples of species: Magnolia grandiflora

Examples of species: Tulbagia violacia

The Plant World (Plant Classification)

Classification Plant Kingdom Lichens and mosses (no leaves, roots, etc) Ferns (no flower with seeds, spores instead) Seed producing plants Gymnospermae (Gymnosperm) Angiospermae (Angiosperm)

Plant Kingdom Non-vascular (Bryophytes) Vascular Spore bearing (Pteridophyta) Seed bearing (Spermatophyta or Spermopsida) Gymnosperm (Cone bearing, naked seed) Examples: pines, podocarpus, ginkgo, cycads Angiosperm (Non-cone bearing, covered seed) Monocotyledon (grasses, grains, palms, lilies, onions) Dicotyledon

Gymnosperm Slash Pine

Gymnosperm King Sago

Gymnosperm Juniper

Gymnosperm- Podocarpus

Gymnosperm ( Zamia family)

Angiosperm Flowering Plants Seed protected by Fruit Two main groups (divisions): Monocotyledoneae (Monocots) Dicotyledoneae (Dicots)

Monocots vs Dicots

ROOTS SYSTEMS

Root Functions: anchor plant support the stem absorb and conduct water and minerals store food

Two types of roots: - fibrous roots, highly branched, slender - tap roots, main enlarged root.

Water and Nutrient Uptake Water and nutrient uptake is done by millions of thin walled root hairs.

Nutrient uptake Secondary roots  Primary root Nutrient and water up take: Root hairs –> secondary root –> primary root –> stems and leaves.

Some different type or roots: Adventitious roots Fleshy roots Aerial roots Knees ( pneumatophores)

Adventitious Roots: Roots that do no originate off the primary root Prop roots

Fleshy roots – food reserve Beets Turnip Carrot

Aerial Roots Banyan Tree

Aerial roots Some aerial roots are fleshy and store water Philodendron

Aerial roots on orchids

Knees or Pneumatophores Mangrove Knees or pneumatophores enable plants to obtain air in swampy conditions Bald Cypress

Stems Functions and Modifications

Stems have nodes and buds

Stem Types Crowns – short inconspicuous Simple – without branches Branched Climbing Creeping Rhizomes Stolons

Crowns Short inconspicuous stem Gerbera daisy Dandelion

Simple Stem Stem without branches

Food Storage in stems Asparagus Celery

Many herbaceous perennials have some type of modified stems. Examples of modified stems: Rhizomes Stolons Tubers Corms Bulbs

Rhizomes – the main stem of a plant, horizontal, underground. Ginger

Tubers are modified stems that develop on under ground stems

Corms are short, thickened, underground stems.

Gladiola Corms

Bulbs are short, thickened, underground stem with thick storage leaves making up the bulk.

Stolons or runners

Leaf and Stem Arrangement A stem has nodes and internodes. Nodes are where leaves or buds are attached.

Leaf arrangement: alternate opposite whorled

What leaf arrangement is pictured here? Alternate

Leaf Anatomy Leaf is composed of: leaf blade petiole stipules (in some cases)

Stipules

Stipules

Name the parts Blade  1 Vein Petiole  2 ↓4 ↑ 3 Stipules

Leaf Veins Veins are extensions of the vascular system. Venation types: parallel (mostly found in monocots) pinnate palmate

Leaf types: Simple compound palmate odd pinnate even pinnate

Simple Leaf

Compound Leaves

Pinnately Compound Leaves

Plant identification requires the use of specialized term to describe the leaf tip, base, margin, shape, and surface.

Leaf Tips

Leaf Bases

Leaf Shapes

Leaf Surfaces

Modified/Specialized Leaves Bracts are modified leaves that may function as part of the flower.

Modified/Specialized Leaves Tendril Spines

Parts of a typical flower: sepals that form the calyx petals that form the corolla stamens, male organ, with anther and filament pistil, female organ, with stigma, style and ovary receptacle peduncle (pedicels)

Pollination and Fertilization To produce seed pollination followed by fertilization must take place. Self pollinating flowers are self-fertile Cross-pollinating flowers need pollen from other plants.

↓ ● ● ● ● Pollination

Pollination in action.

Flowers with no pistil are male flowers Flowers with no pistil are male flowers. (staminate flowers) Flowers with no stamens are female flowers. (pistilate flowers)

Terms based on flowering characteristics: Monoecious Dioecious Polygamous

Dioecious plants: plants with only male or female flowers Dioecious plants: plants with only male or female flowers. These plants need two plants for fertilization.

Dioecious plants Date Palm Left: Female bearing fruit Top: Male staminate flowers producing pollen

Monoecious plants: plants with both male and female flowers on one plant. Only one plant needed for fertilization.

Monoecious plant – Pine Tree

Monoecious Plant Pine Tree

Polygamous – plants that bear staminate, pistillate, and bisexual flowers. Example: Acer rubrum

Inflorescences

Single (Solitaire) Inflorescence

Racemose Inflorencense Raceme Panicle Spike Spathe & Spadix Catkin Corymb Umbel Head See diagram

Umbel

Panicle

Spike

Cymose Inflorescence Cyme Fascicle

Cyme – apple blossom

Flower Forms and Parts What is a Complete Flower? What is a Perfect Flower? What is an Apetalous flower? What is an Asepalous flower?

Complete Flowers have 4 major parts. ↓Pistil ← Stamen ← Petals ← Sepals

Let’s Review: Name the 4 major parts. Pistil ↓ 1  2 Stamens Petals  3  4 Sepals

What is a Perfect Flower? A flower with at least the male (stamen) and female (pistil) structures.

Perfect flower  Stamen  Pistil

Is this a perfect flower? Is it complete?

Apetalous flower – no petals

Asepalous flower – without sepals

Flower forms Gamopetalous – united petals Gamosepalous – united sepals Funnel form Rotate Urn-shaped Salver-form Gamosepalous – united sepals Polypetalous – separate petals Polysepalous – separate sepals

Gamopetalous

Gamosepalous United sepals

Fruit and Seeds

Helpful tool in identification of plants. Fruit and Seeds Helpful tool in identification of plants.

Fruit is the mature ovary of a flower, contains the seed/or seeds

Fruit types: Fleshy Dry Fruits Dehiscent Indehiscent

Examples for Fleshy fruits: Drupe Berry Pome Aggregate Fruit

Drupe Peach Coconut

Examples of Dry Fruits. Acheme Samara Nut Capsule Legume Follicle

Leaves manufacture food for the plant Leaves manufacture food for the plant. Photosynthesis is the food manufacturing process. Photosynthesis: Carbon dioxide + water + light energy  sucrose + Oxygen CO2 + H2O + light  C H2O + O2

Carbon dioxide + water + light energy.  sucrose. + O2 6CO2. + 6H2O Carbon dioxide + water + light energy  sucrose + O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + light  C6H12O6 + 6O2 Sucrose is the energy source used by most plants.

Chloroplasts collect the light needed for photosynthesis Chloroplasts collect the light needed for photosynthesis. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll. (See next slide)

Respiration is the burning of food (sugar) to release energy Respiration is the burning of food (sugar) to release energy. (opposite of photosynthesis) Respiration: sucrose + O2  Carbon dioxide + water + light energy http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_freeman_biosci_1/0,6452,498648-,00.html

Transpiration – loss of water though stomata in the leaf Transpiration – loss of water though stomata in the leaf. Stomata open and close by guard cells. See next slide.

Transpiration

Environmental factors that affect Plant Growth Light Temperature Water.

The End