The Trace Minerals Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

The Trace Minerals Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

The Trace Minerals Food sources Deficiencies Toxicities Interactions Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron Ferrous (Fe++) Reduced Ferric (Fe+++) Oxidized Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron Absorption Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron: Heme vs. Nonheme Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron Factors enhance nonheme iron absorption MFP factor Vitamin C Citric acid from foods Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron Factors enhance nonheme iron absorption Lactic acid from foods HCl from stomach Sugars Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron Factors inhibit nonheme iron absorption Phytates Fibers Oxalates Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron Factors inhibit nonheme iron absorption Calcium Phosphorus EDTA Tannic acid Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron Recycling Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron High risk for iron deficiency Women in their reproductive years pregnant women Infants and young children Teenagers Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron Stages of iron deficiency Iron stores diminish Transport iron decreases Hemoglobin production declines Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Both size and color are normal in these blood cells Blood cells in iron-deficiency anemia are small and pale because they contain less hemoglobin

Iron Contamination iron Iron supplements Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron: In Summary 2001 RDA Upper level for adults: 45 mg/day Men: 8 mg/day Women (19-50 years): 18 mg/day Women (51+ years): 8 mg/day Upper level for adults: 45 mg/day Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron: In Summary Chief functions in the body Part of the protein hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood Part of the protein myoglobin in muscles, which makes oxygen available for muscle contraction Necessary for the utilization of energy as part of the cells’ metabolic machinery Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron: In Summary Significant sources Red meats, fish, poultry, shellfish, eggs Legumes, dried fruits Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron: In Summary Deficiency symptoms Anemia: weakness, fatigue, headaches Impaired work performance and cognitive function Impaired immunity Pale skin, nailbeds, mucous membranes, and palm creases Concave nails Inability to regulate body temperature Pica Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron: In Summary Toxicity symptoms GI distress Iron overload: infections, fatigue, joint pain, skin pigmentation, organ damage Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Zinc Roles Metalloenzymes Absorption Metallothionein Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Zinc Enteropancreatic circulation Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Zinc Zinc supplementation Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Zinc: In Summary 2001 RDA Upper level for adults: 40 mg/day Men: 11 mg/day Women: 8 mg/day Upper level for adults: 40 mg/day Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Zinc: In Summary Chief functions in the body Part of many enzymes Associated with the hormone insulin Involved in making genetic material and proteins, immune reactions, transport of vitamin A, taste perception, wound healing, the making of sperm, and the normal development of the fetus Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Zinc Significant sources Protein-containing foods Red meats, shellfish Whole grains Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Zinc Deficiency symptoms Growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, impaired immune function, hair loss, eye and skin lesions, loss of appetite Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Zinc: In Summary Toxicity symptoms Loss of appetite, impaired immunity, low HDL, copper and iron deficiencies Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iodine Iodine vs. iodide Deficiency Goitrogens Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iodine: In Summary 2001 RDA for adults: 150 g/day Upper level: 1100 g/day Chief functions in the body A component of two thyroid hormones that help to regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iodine: In Summary Significant sources Deficiency disease Iodized salt, seafood, bread, dairy products, plants grown in iodine-rich soil and animals fed those plants Deficiency disease Simple goiter Cretinism Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iodine: In Summary Deficiency symptoms Toxicity symptoms Underactive thyroid gland, goiter Mental and physical retardation in infants (cretinism) Toxicity symptoms Underactive thyroid gland, elevated TSH, goiter Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Selenium 2000 RDA for adults: 55 g/day Upper level for adults: 400 g/day Chief functions in the body Defends against oxidation Regulates thyroid hormone Significant sources Seafood, meat Whole grains, vegetables (depending on soil content) Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Selenium Deficiency symptoms Toxicity symptoms Predisposition to heart disease characterized by cardiac tissue becoming fibrous (Keshan disease) Toxicity symptoms Loss and brittleness of hair and nails Skin rash, fatigue, irritability, and nervous system disorders Garlic breath odor Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Copper 2001 RDA for adults: 900 g/day Upper level for adults: 10,000 g/day (10 mg/day) Chief functions in the body Necessary for absorption and use of iron in the formation of hemoglobin Part of several enzymes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Copper Significant sources Deficiency symptoms Toxicity symptoms Seafood Nuts, whole grains, seeds, legumes Deficiency symptoms Anemia, bone abnormalities Toxicity symptoms Liver damage Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Manganese 2001 AI Upper level for adults: 11 mg/day Men: 2.3 mg/day Women: 1.8 mg/day Upper level for adults: 11 mg/day Chief functions in the body Cofactor for several enzymes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Manganese Significant sources Deficiency symptoms Toxicity symptoms Nuts, whole grains, leafy vegetables, tea Deficiency symptoms Rare Toxicity symptoms Nervous system disorders Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Fluoride 1997 AI Upper level for adults: 10 mg/day Men: 3.8 mg/day Women: 3.1 mg/day Upper level for adults: 10 mg/day Chief functions in the body Involved in the formation of bones and teeth Helps to make teeth resistant to decay Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

U.S. Population With Fluoridated Water Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Fluoride Significant sources Deficiency symptoms Toxicity symptoms Drinking water (if fluoride containing or fluoridated) Tea, seafood Deficiency symptoms Susceptibility to tooth decay Toxicity symptoms Fluorosis (pitting and discoloration of teeth) Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Chromium 2001 AI Chief functions in the body Significant sources Men: 35 g/day Women: 25 g/day Chief functions in the body Enhances insulin action Significant sources Meats (especially liver) Whole grains, brewer’s yeast Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Chromium Deficiency symptoms Toxicity symptoms Diabetes-like condition None reported Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Molybdenum 2001 AI for adults: 45 g/day Upper level for adults: 2 mg/day Chief functions in the body Cofactor for several enzymes Significant sources Legumes, cereals Organ meats Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Molybdenum Deficiency symptoms Toxicity symptoms Unknown None reported Reproductive effects in animals Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Other Trace Minerals Nickel Silicon Vanadium Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Other Trace Minerals Cobalt Boron Arsenic Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Other Trace Minerals Cobalt Boron Arsenic

Contaminant Minerals Heavy metals Lead Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Phytochemicals And Functional Foods Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Phytochemicals And Functional Foods Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Phytochemicals And Functional Foods Defending against cancer Defending against heart disease Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Functional foods... from nature from manufacturers Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Phytochemicals And Functional Foods Inconclusive research Food labels Safety Overall healthfulness of products Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning