The 2013 High-level Dialogue on International Migration and Development: Implications for data collection Towards better evidence on migration and development in Eastern Europe and Central Asia Workshop on migration statistics Almaty, 31 October – 01 November 2013 Bela Hovy, Chief Migration Section, Population Division Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) United Nations, New York

High-level Dialogue on Migration and Development, New York, 3-4 October 2013 Preparations Civil society hearings (15 July) Panel discussion (25 June) Regional preparations Overall theme “ Identifying concrete measures to strengthen coherence and cooperation at all levels, with a view to enhancing the benefits of international migration for migrants and countries alike and its important links to development, while reducing its negative impacts ” RT1: International migration, sustainable development and post-2015 development agenda RT2: Migrant rights, smuggling & trafficking, facilitating regular migration, women and child migrants RT3: Partnerships, cooperation and coherence RT4: Labour mobility and its impact on development United Nations, Population Division/DESA

Making Migration Work The SGs 8-point agenda for action 1.Protect the human rights of all migrants 2.Reduce the costs of labour migration 3.Eliminate migrant exploitation, incl. human trafficking 4.Address the plight of migrants stranded in crises 5.Improve public perceptions of migrants 6.Fully integrate migration in development agenda 7.Strengthen the migration evidence base 8.Enhance migration partnerships and cooperation United Nations, Population Division/DESA

Declaration of the 2013 High-level Dialogue – key elements United Nations, Population Division/DESA Migrants contribute to countries of origin, transit and destination Migrants contribute to countries of origin, transit and destination Human mobility a key factor for global, sustainable development Human mobility a key factor for global, sustainable development Develop initiatives to assist migrants stranded in crises Develop initiatives to assist migrants stranded in crises Promote conditions for cheaper transfer of remittances Promote conditions for cheaper transfer of remittances Improve migration data and evidence base Improve migration data and evidence base Combat xenophobia, negative stereotyping and intolerance Combat xenophobia, negative stereotyping and intolerance

Declaration of the 2013 High-level Dialogue - data aspects United Nations, Population Division/DESA „Emphasize the need for reliable statistical data on international migration, including when possible on the contributions of migrants to development in both origin and destination countries; this data could facilitate the design of evidence- based policy- and decision-making in all relevant aspects of sustainable development;“(para 28) „Recognize the need to consider the role that environmental factors may play in migration;“ (para 25) „Recognize the necessity to consider how the migration of highly skilled persons, especially in the health, social and engineering sectors, affects the development efforts of developing countries, and emphasize the need to consider circular migration“ (para 26)

International migration data of the Population Division, DESA Stocks Global estimates (age, sex, destination and origin) Global estimates (age, sex, destination and origin)Flows Immigration/emigration: 43 countries (31 with outflows) Immigration/emigration: 43 countries (31 with outflows) Labour permits (exits): 10 countries Labour permits (exits): 10 countries Net migration (estimates and projections) What to assume for the future? What to assume for the future? United Nations, Population Division/DESA

International migrant stock “…. persons who have ever changed their country of usual residence, that is to say, persons who have spent at least one year of their lives in a country other than the one in which they live at the time the data are gathered ” (United Nations Recommendations on Statistics of International Migration, 1998 )

Population census Why? trends (South-South migration)trends (South-South migration) ‘diaspora’‘diaspora’ migration corridorsmigration corridors regional mobilityregional mobility skills, educationskills, educationIssues lack of reportinglack of reporting delays in availabilitydelays in availability long data intervallong data interval irregular migrantsirregular migrants United Nations, Population Division/DESA

Census recommendations on international migration UNSDUNECECore topic Country of birth Country of citizenship Ever resided abroad Year or period of arrival in the country Country of previous usual residence abroad Total duration of residence in the country Previous place of usual residence and date of arrival in the current place Place of usual residence five years prior to the census Reason for migration Country of birth of parents Citizenship acquisition

Origin Largest census data gaps on migrant stock (census) in Africa and Asia AfricaAsia Latin America & Caribbean Northern America Europe Oceania Source: Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2013 Revision Percentage of countries with data on sex, age and origin since 2000 census round Age Total & Sex

Place of Birth Nationality Age-group size Place of origin Comments Armenia complete Azerbaijan complete Belarus20095complete Georgia complete Next census in 2014 Kazakhstan (<10%) 5 (FN < 10%) 1989 complete Last census in 2009 Kyrgyzstan19995complete IPUMS - FB by sex Moldova2004complete Next census in 2014 Russia20105complete Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine20015complete Census in 2013 Uzbekistan 2013 international migration stock estimates: data availability United Nations, Population Division/DESA

Administrative sources Why? circular migrationcircular migration timely data on trendstimely data on trends reasons for migration (permits, visa, entry-exit)reasons for migration (permits, visa, entry-exit) detailed characteristics at minimal costsdetailed characteristics at minimal costsIssues comparison difficultcomparison difficult few countriesfew countries regular migration onlyregular migration only United Nations, Population Division/DESA

Coverage: 43 countries in 2010 revision Types of flows: Inflows Outflows Net flows Criteria used to classify migrants: Country of birth Citizenship Place of residence (previous or future) United Nations, Population Division/DESA The Population Division has expanded its data on migration flows

Average annual immigration of foreignersAverage annual emigration of foreigners Average annual foreign net migration United Nations, Population Division/DESA Northern America Europe 1970/1980 Europe 1990/2000 Australia and New Zealand

Migration surveys Why? impacts on countries of origin, transit and destination, migrants (health, education, income) (post-2015 UN development agenda)impacts on countries of origin, transit and destination, migrants (health, education, income) (post-2015 UN development agenda) causes (reasons)causes (reasons) detailed characteristicsdetailed characteristics higher chance of reaching irregular migrantshigher chance of reaching irregular migrantsIssues lack of dedicated fundinglack of dedicated funding complexity of survey designcomplexity of survey design comparability / ad hoccomparability / ad hoc United Nations, Population Division/DESA

Migration and Development - Key opportunities Remittances $414 billion to developing countries in 2013$414 billion to developing countries in 2013 (officially recorded, 3x ODA) (officially recorded, 3x ODA) Invested in human capital (health, education, etc.)Invested in human capital (health, education, etc.) Diaspora contributions Temporary, long-term or virtual “return” of diasporaTemporary, long-term or virtual “return” of diaspora Transfer of knowledge and skillsTransfer of knowledge and skills Trade, FDI, Diaspora bondsTrade, FDI, Diaspora bonds Contribution to destination countries Contribution to filling labour market shortagesContribution to filling labour market shortages Reduced dependency ratiosReduced dependency ratios Entrepreneurship, job creation, …Entrepreneurship, job creation, … United Nations, Population Division/DESA

Remittances: the main recipient countries IndiaChinaPhilip- pines Tajikistan Kyrgyz Republic Top 5 recipients as a share of GDP (2012) Top 5 recipients (2013) United Nations, Population Division/DESA US$ billion % of GDP MexicoNigeria Lesotho Moldova Source: World Bank Nepal Total: 414 billion USD

Key challenges “Brain drain” “Brain drain” Emigration of skilled personsEmigration of skilled persons Undocumented migration Undocumented migration Limited avenues for legal migrationLimited avenues for legal migration Protection of the human rights of all migrantsProtection of the human rights of all migrants Trafficking in persons and smuggling of migrantsTrafficking in persons and smuggling of migrants High costs of migration High costs of migration Lack of portability (skills, social security, diplomas, …)Lack of portability (skills, social security, diplomas, …) Recruitment feesRecruitment fees Costs of transferring remittancesCosts of transferring remittances United Nations, Population Division/DESA

Global average cost for sending remittances is decreasing, but with regional variations East Asia and Pacific Europe and Central Asia (ECA) ECA including Russia Latin America and the Caribbean Middle East and North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Global United Nations, Population Division/DESA Source: World Bank Total average costs of remittances by receiving regions, , 3 rd quarter (percentage)

Population dynamics and the post-2015 development agenda Total net change Immigration-emigration Births-deaths Europe Slowing population decline Africa Reducing population growth (but little impact) United Nations, Population Division/DESA thousands CIS Slowing population decline (but little impact)

What goals or targets for migration can we adopt for post-2015 development agenda? AreaTargetIndicator Refugees Achieve durable solutions, prevention (zero cases) # of cases # of ratifications Migrants, refugees Meet quota (arr., dep.) # of migrants, refugees Human rights 100% ratification? HR violations? Discrimination? Ratification of conventions Trafficking and smuggling Zero cases No. of cases prosecuted? Integration Naturalization? Voting rights? Health, employment Access to social services, labour market Remittance costs “5x5 initiative” (G20) Avg. transaction costs Recruitment Reduction of costs Avg. recruitment costs Irregular migration Reduce # of irregular migrants # persons regularized

How to strengthen data collection on international migration? Ask basic questions, and tabulate the answers Ask basic questions, and tabulate the answers National statistical offices, DESA, UNFPA, World BankNational statistical offices, DESA, UNFPA, World Bank Exploit administrative data sources Exploit administrative data sources Ministries in charge of migration, statistical officesMinistries in charge of migration, statistical offices Leverage existing surveys Leverage existing surveys World Bank, MICS (UNICEF), DHS, ILOWorld Bank, MICS (UNICEF), DHS, ILO Provide access to micro-data Provide access to micro-data Ministries in charge of migration, statistical officesMinistries in charge of migration, statistical offices Build capacity Build capacity Global Migration Group?’Global Migration Group?’ United Nations, Population Division/DESA