Types of energy Capturing energy Releasing energy Energy Unit Review- Ch. 5 Types of energy Capturing energy Releasing energy

Energy – the ability to do work The Law Of Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be transformed (changed) from one state to another. Energy can be divided into two main groups

STATES OF ENERGY Potential energy = stored energy Kinetic energy = moving/working energy Can potential energy be turned into kinetic energy? YES Can kinetic energy be turned into potential energy? YES

Potential and kinetic energy exist in many forms: Forms of energy: Mechanical – energy with which moving objects perform work Chemical – energy stored in substances Heat – produced by molecular motion of matter Light – moves in waves Nuclear – stored in nucleus of atoms Electrical – movement of electrons

CHEMICAL REACTIONS A + B  AB AB  A + B Reactants  Products Metabolism The sum of all the chemical reactions occurring in an organism

(BREAKDOWN OF GLUCOSE) Energy is released (BREAKDOWN OF GLUCOSE) AB A + B Exothermic

(BUILDING MACROMOLECULES- Like Glucose) Energy is absorbed (BUILDING MACROMOLECULES- Like Glucose) A + B  AB Endothermic

Enzymes Proteins that increase the speed of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy (the energy needed to start a reaction)

Carbon dioxide + water  glucose + oxygen PHOTOSYNTHESIS 6CO2 + 6H20  C6H12O6 + 6O2 reactants products Carbon dioxide + water  glucose + oxygen

The Three Steps of Photosynthesis Chlorophyll traps energy from sunlight. (Chloroplasts have small disks, Thylakoids that contain chlorophyll.) STEP ONE

The Three Steps of Photosynthesis Captured Light Energy is used to make ATP in the thylakoid ATP is used as Activation Energy to start the Calvin Cycle

The Three Steps of Photosynthesis Calvin Cycle: Cells use the energy from breakdown of ATP to make carbohydrates (glucose) from the carbon atoms in CO2

REACTIONS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS CALVIN CYCLE Can only occur when light is present Products: ATP Oxygen LIGHT REACTION The “Dark Reaction” Doesn’t need light, but needs products from light reaction (ATP!!!) Products: Glucose Please add this to the back of your notepage.

Sunlight is _____________________ energy Please write the questions on the back of your notepage and answer them. Sunlight is _____________________ energy Carbon dioxide and water are rearranged to produce _______________________ ___________________ is a by-product (waste product) of photosynthesis ______________________ is used by plants and animals for energy. Glucose is ________________ energy KINETIC (LIGHT) GLUCOSE (SUGAR) AND O2 OXYGEN GLUCOSE CHEMICAL (POTEN.)

Identify products and reactants Cellular Respiration – releases the energy in food and turn it into a form that can be used for the activities of life C6H1206 + 602  6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP OR Sugar + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + energy Identify products and reactants

2 types of CR Aerobic: Anaerobic: Takes place when oxygen is present Yields 36 ATPS (a lot!) Anaerobic: Takes place when oxygen is NOT present. Yields only 2 ATPs Some organisms are completely anaerobic

AEROBIC RESPIRATION O2 present. Lots of Energy! 1st glucose moves from the blood into a cell’s cytoplasm where it is split in ½ Creates: Pyruvic acid 2 ATP Pyruvic Acid moves into mitochondria to be broken down further resulting in ATPs. For a grand total of _____ ATPs 34 36

Lactic Acid Fermenation When animal muscles use so much energy the oxygen runs out Some bacteria also produce lactic acid, which is used to make some foods. Produces: 2ATP lactic acid

Alcoholic Fermentation Small organisms that are in environments without oxygen Yeast Bacteria Produces: 2 ATP Alcohol