Chapter 22 Foreign Policy and National Defense "No foreign policy—no matter how ingenious—has any chance of success if it is born in the minds of a few and carried in the hearts of none.“ (Henry Kissinger)

What Is Foreign Policy? Foreign policy is a country’s official principles, positions, and procedures for dealing with powers outside its borders. In contrast, domestic policy is the government’s response to problems at home. Foreign policy has an outward focus. Domestic policy has an inward focus. © EMC Publishing, LLC

Types of Foreign Policy Crisis policy focuses on imminent threats to our national interests or values. Ex: Reponses to terrorism. Strategic policy is the basic U.S. position toward another country or region or to a particular policy. Ex: Operation to bring down a foreign government. Structural defense policy relates to defense spending and military power. Ex: Building more fighter jets, interstate highways, etc. Economic policy affects the growth and health of the nation’s economy. United States main goal is unrestricted trade. Trade Surplus- Exports is greater than imports Trade Deficit- Imports is greater than exports NAFTA- Free-trade agreement between US, Canada, Mexico

U.S. Foreign Policy Goals U.S. foreign policy has three basic goals: Security: Defend the homeland Economic: Encourage the growth of the U.S. economy Political: Support democracy around the world US holds a global role in the world US is active in foreign affairs © EMC Publishing, LLC

Your Turn When the United States enters into talks about trade and import/export policies with another country, it is engaging in which one of the following kinds of policy? Crisis policy Strategic policy Structural defense policy Economic policy Note to teachers: The correct answer is d. © EMC Publishing, LLC

Who Makes U.S. Foreign Policy? Many agencies contribute to the formation of U.S. foreign policy. However, the president is most likely to set the foreign policy agenda. © EMC Publishing, LLC

The President and U.S. Foreign Policy The president’s role in U.S. foreign policy includes: Get’s foreign policy power from the Constitution Making treaties with other countries (Those treaties must then be approved by two-thirds of the Senate.) Making executive agreements with the heads of state of other nations Acting as commander in chief to lead the military Usually the one who makes decisions regarding foreign policy. Has the most power to influence foreign policy.

Key Contributors to U.S. Foreign Policy Note to teachers: Extension idea: Suggest that students visit the Web sites of the National Security Council (http://www.gov.emcp.com/nsc), the State Department (http://www.gov.emcp.com/state), and the Defense Department (http://www.gov.emcp.com/defense). Ask students to identify the current issues or initiatives of each agency or department. © EMC Publishing, LLC

Additional Contributors to U.S. Foreign Policy Note to teachers: Have students select one of the agencies listed and research its roles and responsibilities. Discuss any overlaps or conflicts that students may find. © EMC Publishing, LLC

Additional Contributors to U.S. Foreign Policy Executive office in general holds the most power. Ex: Vice President more likely to be apart of a National Security Council than others. Congress participates in U.S. foreign policy through: Control over funding for foreign policy actions The power to declare war Senate approval of presidential treaties

Additional Contributors to U.S. Foreign Policy The Commerce and Treasury Departments contribute to foreign economic policy. The Department of Labor addresses global labor issues. The Department of Agriculture promotes U.S. products internationally. State Department in charge of foreign affairs. Has embassies in other countries. Defense Department manages the armed forces. © EMC Publishing, LLC

Organizations/Corporations Intergovernmental Organizations: Ex. United Nations Coalition of country leaders establishing international unity. Creates international laws. But real power is determined by the military. Nongovernmental Organization: Ex. Greenpeace No governmental affiliation, but can play an important role in aiding government and society. Multinational corporation: Ex. Microsoft Does business is in multiple countries © EMC Publishing, LLC

A Historical Look at U.S. Foreign Policy Before and after World War I, the United States generally believed in isolationism (staying out of international affairs). World Wars I and II forced the United States to shift its policy to interventionism (actively trying to shape international events). U.S. is active in foreign affairs. During the cold war, after WWII, the US followed a policy of containment (trying to prevent the spread of a particular political principle). In this case, communism. George Bush also promoted this concept by spreading democracy.

Your Turn “The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is, in extending our commercial relations to have with them as little political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop.” (Farewell Address, George Washington) What would Washington say about all the contributors to U.S. foreign policy today? Be prepared to support your response. Note to teachers: Responses will vary. Students might say that Washington would not be in favor of the extensive involvement of so many agencies in U.S. foreign policy. He favored as little political involvement in foreign commercial relations as possible. © EMC Publishing, LLC

Match each scenario with the type of foreign policy that it describes. Your Turn Match each scenario with the type of foreign policy that it describes. Scenario Country 1 sends troops to assist Country 2 when Countries 2 and 3 are at war. Country 1 pays Country 2 to not adopt Country 3’s political philosophy. Country 1 does not get involved when Countries 2 and 3 go to war. Foreign Policy Isolationism Interventionism Containment Note to teachers: The correct answers are as follows: 1. b 2. c 3. a © EMC Publishing, LLC

Military Force and U.S. Foreign Policy The use of military force in foreign policy can create clashes between Congress and the president. In 1973, Congress passed the War Powers Act, which limits the president’s ability to send troops into military action without congressional approval. © EMC Publishing, LLC

Pressures on U.S. Foreign Policy Global pressures: Anarchy of the international system The balance of power between nations Economic interdependence of nations- Policy makers encourage trade to help each other and other nations Domestic pressures: Public opinion The media Interest groups Note to teachers: • Global pressures o Anarchy of the international system: The international system is characterized by the absence of an overall political authority. o The balance of power between nations: The anarchy of the international system has three main consequences: (1) The United States is powerful enough to act on its own. (2) Other nations pose a military threat. (3) The United States sets a high priority on threats to its security and focuses on military goals. • Domestic pressures o Public opinion: U.S. public opinion is relatively stable, may be used as a factor in negotiations with other countries, and can shape foreign policy. o The media: The media provide information about foreign issues and concerns. o Interest groups: Lobbying efforts can affect foreign policy. © EMC Publishing, LLC

Foreign Policy Strategies Deterrence is used to prevent a foreign power from taking an action the United States does not want to occur. Coercion (persuasion or force) is used to make a foreign power act a certain way. Preemption is used to strike an enemy before it strikes the United States. (George W. Bush felt that the United States could not wait for our enemies to attack, he authorized this to attack terrorism.) © EMC Publishing, LLC

Foreign Policy Tools Political tools include: Propaganda, which influences the attitudes and beliefs of others. Political tool. Media’s strong role in providing information. Diplomacy, which involves formal communication and negotiation between countries. Attempt to solve a conflict with another country using negotiations and other peaceful tactics. Covert operations, which are secret actions that can include military and political exercises

Foreign Policy Tools Economic tools include: Foreign aid, which is economic assistance given to another country Ex: Marshall Plan- after WWII to rebuild war-torn Europe Economic sanctions, which restrict trade and are used to punish or pressure other countries Free trade means not restricting imports. Part of capitalism which US hopes will promote democracy Restrictions on imports are designed to help domestic producers Military tools include: Troops sent to a region in which the United States has interests Preemptive strikes & responses to attacks

Foreign Policy Agencies and Groups Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) responsible for overseeing intelligence and participating in overseas secret activities Department of Homeland Security- task of preventing attacks within our nation. National Security Agency (NSA) responsible for breaking codes and monitoring satellite communications © EMC Publishing, LLC

Foreign Policy Issues Terrorism has resulted in an increase in antiterrorism and counterterrorism measures in U.S. foreign policy. Terrorism seeks to create fear. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) embodies the free trade versus protectionism debate. USA, Mexico, and Canada Not all conflicts have borders. Examples: Environmental issues Drug trade

U.S. Foreign Policy and NATO George W. Bush and the Secretary of NATO, 2002 Agreement to protect against the Soviet Union Note to teachers: This excerpt is from the video George W Bush (October 21, 2002). The clip presents the start of a discussion of foreign policy between President George W. Bush and the secretary of NATO. You can download the entire video from the Internet Archive at http://gov.emcp.com/InternetArchive. The video clip has been set up to play automatically when you click the forward arrow, space bar, or Enter. If you would like to replay the clip, simply click on it. After viewing the video, ask students, “What foreign policy goals and topics are discussed in this video clip?” The answer to the question is “Expanding NATO, fighting terrorism, and preparing for the 21st century.” © EMC Publishing, LLC

Your Turn Rank the following U.S. foreign policy tools from most to least useful, with most useful being number 1. Be prepared to discuss your choices. Propaganda Diplomacy Covert operations Foreign aid Economic sanctions Note to teachers: Answers will vary. © EMC Publishing, LLC