Evolution of regional patterns of international migration in Europe

The recent evolution of European international migration marked by the general and gradual enlargement of the migration system centered on the EU countries. Important changes in the European migration scenario: the former emigration countries of Southern Europe have increasingly become targets for immigration flows, radically changing their position in migration dynamics. MIGRATION PATTERNS IN EUROPE Until World War II, “the predominant movement was out of rather than into Europe as millions crossed the ocean to settle in the New World: an estimated 55 to 60 million during , of whom 38 million went to the United States”. Intra-European flows: Polish and Ukranian workers – France and Germany Italian workers – Great Britain Migration losses until the end of 1960s.

1970s: positive net migration for all the regions of the continent. Migration gain from 3 million people of the 1970s to 4.8 million in the 1980s and 11.4 million in the 1990s where Western Europe has gained the most. Different national situations for large regional areas: particularly high migration gains registered in CEE in 1980s as a result of positive balances estimated for the Russian Federation (ethnic migrations from the other states of the former USSR). According to another UN source (referring to data on country of birth) international migrants in Europe numbered 17.2 million in 1960 increasing to 64 million in 2005, going from 4.7 per cent of the total population to 8.8 per cent – 1990 dramatic increase in CEE, when the stock of immigration rose to 25 million: reclassification of persons who had moved inside the USSR before 1990 as internal migrants and who became international migrants. Growth in other geographical areas clearly shows that in recent decades Europe has become an area of immigration – 2005 number of international migrants grew 3.2 times in Western Europe; 8.3 times in Southern Europe!

1 st period until the early 1950s: The forced migration at the end of World War II. The main European flow – forced migration as a result of the direct and indirect effects of peace treaties. The most important: Poland to East an West Germany, from the former Czechoslovakia to East and West Germany and Austria, from the USSR to Germany and Poland. 2 nd period: Labor migration and recruitment of foreign workers. First bilateral agreements between Italy and Belgium and France and ended with the stop policies of the early 1970s. Dividing line along the Iron Curtain, completely separating East and West. Within the Western bloc, countries of emigration included Southern European countries, Ireland and Finland, while the immigration area incorporated the remaining countries of Northern and Western Europe. Regional pattern: migration flows mainly on a European scale.

Decolonisationreturn of a large proporion of the European settlers to their countries of origin. The first arrival on a large scale of immigrants coming from non- European and non-Mediterranian countries; definite transformation of Europe into a continent of arrival. Golden period of European labor migration: favourable political climate towards international migration. Bilateral agreements for the recruitment of workers through official channels, regularised positions of foreign workers who had used unofficial channels of entry. 1957: Treaty of Rome – principle of the free circulation of workers within the EEC.

3 rd period: stop policies – the end of stage of expanding immigration, passage to the stage of stabilization. Receiving countries trying to encourage return migration to export unemployment back to the sending countries. Increasing control over entries, economic pull factors moving from industrial sector to services. Prevalence of push factors and economic globalization leading to the enlargment of the area of attraction and the types of flows. Late 1970s an important change in European regional patterns of international migration: beginning of the immigration flows towards the traditional emigration countries of Southern and Northern Europe. Increasing importance of irregular migration. Enlargement and homogenisation of European migration system with the entry of new members in 1980s, still the European migration scenario was more fragmented than today. Clear division between receiving and sending countries, sharp differentiation between the immigration policies of countries.

Deep changes in the whole migration scenario in the last twenty years. Change of the function of the immigrant labor force in the receiving countries: it no longer played the role of “qualitative” rebalancing in the labor market, it took on a “qualitative” role, filling the gaps that can occur in specific employment sectors. 4 th period: the fall of the Berlin Wall – removed political barriers to emigration. Radical change for the geography of continental flows. Example: Albania, a country that was completely isolated for more then 40 years and has become one of the most important emigration countriesin Europe in an extraordinarily short period of time (1990s – people). Increasing role of the EU in the field of migration. Strong growth of spontaneous and irregular flows of labor migration towards Southern European countries as a result of the lack of adequate official recruitment channels, need for repeated regularisations.

1990s: positive net migration in all the countries of Northern, Western and Southern Europe. Different situation in CEE: large migration gains for Russia, losses for other countries. Very rapid migration changes in new EU members that are recording positive net migration balances (Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Slovenia). Greater attention to the promotion of skilled migrations, increase of employment related migration. Expanding area of attraction and decrease of intra-European migration along with the growth of flows originating in other continents: Latin America, Far East, sub-Saharian Africa. Increased importance of flows from Eastern European countries (Romania, Ukraine, Moldova). Importance of the political factor in directing migration flows. EU attempts to achieve a common policy towards the migration system. Important role of migration issues in negotiations with the new member states.