Good Samaritan Laws: Laws that protect a rescuer from being sued after giving emergency care Universal Precautions Wash hands before and after giving care Wearing gloves Using a mouthpiece for rescue breaths

Steps to control bleeding: Bleeding Emergencies Average size adult has 5-6 quarts of blood Types of bleeding: Arterial: rapid blood loss from an artery, spurts Venous: steady from veins, may be life-threatening Capillary: oozes, easily controlled Steps to control bleeding: Direct Pressure Elevate Pressure Points Tourniquet: use only as a last resort

Types of wounds: Abrasion Laceration Incision Puncture Avulsion Scraping of the outer layers of skin Laceration Jagged cut Incision Straight, smooth cut Puncture Stab wound Avulsion Tearing of a patch of tissue/skin Amputation Cutting off of a body part

Stitches Signs of Infection Tetanus Rabies Nosebleeds Must be placed within 6-8 hours after injury Helps wound to heal quicker Infection is less likely Scarring is lessened Signs of Infection Redness Swelling and warmth Pus Fever Swollen lymph nodes Tetanus Also called “lock jaw” Caused by a virus and is fatal Can be prevented with vaccination Need a shot every 7-10 years Rabies Carried by warm-blooded mammals Fatal if not treated with rabies shots Nosebleeds Hold head forward and apply pressure

Thermal Burns: caused by heat (iron, stove, steam) Treatment involves running burned area under cool water DO NOT put ice, butter, vaseline on burn DO NOT remove clothing that is stuck to the burn DO NOT break blisters Assessing the burn: How large is the burn? “Rule of Nines” is used by medical personnel to describe the % of body burned How deep is the burn? 1st degree: mild redness and pain 2nd degree: blisters 3rd degree: all skin layers destroyed What parts of body are burned? Face, hands, feet are of major concern How old is the victim? Elderly and children are at higher risk for complications Does the victim have any other medical conditions?

Other types of burns Sunburns: caused by the UV rays of sun Chemical burns: treatment involves running under cool water for 20+ min Electrical burns: victim will usually have entrance and exit burns on the body and a major concern is heart failure

Shock-occurs when the tissues or organs are inadequately supplied with oxygenated blood Signs and Symptoms Treatment Maintain open airway Control any bleeding Elevate the legs 12” in most situations Cover with blanket to keep victim warm Do not give victim anything to eat or drink Eyes are dull, sunken and pupils dilated Skin is pale, moist, cold Nausea/Thirst Pulse is weak or absent

Positions for shock Elevate the feet and legs about 12” for most situations Elevate the head/shoulders if victim is having breathing trouble, head injury, or possible heart attack Place victim on his/her side if unconscious DO NOT move the victim if a neck or spinal cord injury is suspected

Types of Shock Hypovolemic Respiratory Psychogenic 4. Septic severe blood loss Respiratory inadequate breathing Psychogenic Fainting Most cases of fainting aren’t life-threatening Signs are dizziness, nausea, paleness, sweating 4. Septic severe infection 5. Anaphylactic severe allergic reaction Caused by insect stings, injections (medications), ingestion (eating foods such as peanuts, fish, milk), or inhalation (breathing in of dust, pollen, mold) Treatment requires immediate medical response: Epipen and 911

CPR and AED CPR: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Adult: 30 compressions and 2 breaths Purpose is to circulate oxygenated blood through body Rescue Breathing: for a victim that is not breathing but has a pulse AED: Automated External Defibrillator Purpose is to shock the body in hopes of restarting the victim’s heart rhythm Choking victim: give abdominal thrusts if victim is not coughing or able to speak

Sprains and strains: R est I ce C ompression E levation