Anatomy & Physiology Introduction

Anatomy: The study of the structure of an organism and the relationship to its parts Anatomy is derived from the Greek word meaning “cutting up” which is still how we learn today through dissections.

Physiology: The study of the functions of living organisms and their parts It is a dynamic science that requires active experimentation.

Structural Levels of Organization 1. Atoms/Molecules 2. Cells 3. Tissues 4. Organs 5. Systems 6. Body Structural Levels of Organization COMPLEXITY Differing levels of organization progress from the least complex (chemical level) to the most complex (organism). Organization is one of the most important characteristics of body structure. Cell are considered to be the smallest “living” units of structure and function.

Say what?? EMTs Scott and Stacy were dispatched to a scene in which a young girl had fallen off her bike. Dispatch reported that her arm was bleeding and her mother thought her leg might be broken. En route to the ER, Scott provides them with the following information: “She has an abrasion on the ventral surface of her right hand, and a 4 cm laceration just distal to her right elbow. The right patella is deformed medially, and there is some tenderness just proximal to the knee. The doctor responds, “Thanks. We’ll be ready for her when you get here.”

Anatomical Position The body is in a erect or standing posture with the arms at the sides and palms turned forward. The anatomical position is a reference position that gives meaning to the directional terms used to describe the body parts and regions.

“NOT” Anatomical Position SUPINE PRONE Laying face upward Laying face downward Terms used to describe the position of the body when it’s NOT in the anatomical position. http://www.yogastudy.org/images/Supine-yoga-Postures.gif

ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS Hand out radio report

Anatomical Directions Superior Inferior “toward the head” Upper or above “toward the feet” Lower or below

Anatomical Directions Anterior Posterior “front” or “in front of” Ventral (toward the belly) can also be used instead of anterior “back” or “in back of” Dorsal (toward the back) can also be used instead of poster

Anatomical Directions Medial Lateral towards the midline of the body Toward the side of the body or away from midline

Anatomical Directions Proximal Distal Toward or nearest the trunk of the body or nearest the point of origin of one of it’s parts Away from or farthest from the trunk or the point of origin of a body part

Anatomical Directions Superficial Deep Nearer the surface Farther away from the body surface

Planes or Body Sections Sagittal Length-wise plane running from front to back. Divides into left and right halves Frontal (Coronal) Length-wise plane running from side to side Divides into anterior and posterior Transverse Horizontal or crosswise plane Divides into upper and lower portions Refer to page 7 in textbook.

Body Cavities Inner fish

Body Cavities Ventral Body Cavity Organ-containing space in the anterior trunk of the body that includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities Dorsal Body Cavity Includes the cranial and spinal cavities

Abdominopelvic cavity Ventral Body Cavity Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Everything above the diaphragm Mediastinum – Trachea, heart, blood vessels Pleural cavities – Lungs Everything below the diaphragm Abdominal cavity - Liver, gallbladder, stomach, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, parts of the large intestine Pelvic cavity – Lower sigmoid colon, rectum, urinary bladder, reproductive organs.

Ventral Body Cavity

Ventral Body Cavity RH- right hypochondriac region RL- right lumbar region RI- right iliac (inguinal) region ER- epigastric region UR- umbilical region HR- hypogastric region LH- left hypochondriac region LL- left lumbar region LI- left iliac (inguinal) region The Abdomen can be divided into 9 for abdominal regions. This makes it easier to locate organs. Refer to page 9 in textbook. Abdomen can also be divided into four quadrants: RU, LU, RL, and LL: refer to page 10 figure 1-6.

Ventral Body Cavity An easier way to divide of the abdomen is to use the division of the abdomen into 4 quadrants.

Dorsal Body Cavity Cranial cavity – Brain Spinal cavity - Spinal cord Refer to page 8 figure 1-4. http://www.free-ed.net/sweethaven/Science/Biology/AnatomyPhysiol/Human01_LessonMain.asp?iNum=0106

Lab Time Poster Project Lab book P9 Make sure to trace the outline of a person Poster lab

Body Regions Subdivisions

Body Regions Axial Head Neck Torso or trunk Appendicular – Upper and lower extremities

Lab Time Poster project continued “Mini-Me” Look up medical terms and complete the medical root sheet. Complete your poster by placing the words correctly on the outlined body. Use of all 78 items= 40 pts Mini me activity

The Balance of Body Functions Homeostasis

Balance of Body Functions Homeostasis – The body maintaining relatively constant conditions within the body or a relative constancy of the internal environment. The body must constantly work to maintain or restore homeostasis.

Balance of Body Functions Negative Feedback Loop – Oppose or negate a change in a controlled condition. They change back toward a normal value – stabilize conditions. Ex: Breathing heavier when exercising or producing more urine when there is more fluid in the body than usual.

Balance of Body Functions Positive Feedback Loop – Instead of opposing a change in the internal environment and causing a return to normal, these PFL’s temporarily amplify the change that is occurring. Ex: Rapid increases in uterine contractions before the birth of a baby or rapid sticking together of platelets to form a blood clot.

Maintaining Homeostatis Our physiological feedback systems have three key features: 1. A receptor that can evaluate the stimulus (change in environment) and sends a message to… 2. An integrating center (Brain) that processes the information and sends a message to… 3. An effector that acts on the stimulus and causes a response (reaction) in the organism.

Lab Time Your group will be assigned a mechanisms for maintaining stability/homeostasis 1. Read the example of the homeostatic mechanism. 2. Identify the following in the example you are given and list the structures they are associated with. Stimulus Receptor Integrating center Effector Response 3. Identify whether mechanism is positive or negative. 4. Create a flow chart similar using the structures that you have identified in your given mechanism.