Publishing Research Papers Charles E. Dunlap, Ph.D. U.S. Civilian Research & Development Foundation Arlington, Virginia

Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Importance of Publication “The research backgrounds of the two investigators are fine. However, I don't see any previous study on the hydro seismic area. Generally, their publication records are weak.”

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Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Writing Successful Manuscripts Selecting a journal Thinking ahead during research Understanding the publication process Writing the manuscript Submitting the manuscript Responding to reviews Publication Avoiding common errors

Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Thinking Ahead During Research Where will I publish these results? How many papers will I publish with this data? To which journals will I submit these data? Who will be my co-authors? (Working in lab groups or in teams across disciplines and institutions distributes this workload efficiently)

Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Thinking Ahead During Research What information will I need to collect during research in order to produce a publication?  methods  field maps  sample size  background information

Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Writing Successful Manuscripts Thinking ahead during research Selecting a journal Understanding the publication process Writing the manuscript Submitting the manuscript Responding to reviews Publication Avoiding common errors

Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Publication Process Actions taken on my paper submitted February 4, 2008

Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Publication Process Submission Acceptance of submission Reviews submitted  Accepted for publication as written  Accepted if revised  Rejected Response to reviews Re-submission of edited manuscript

Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Writing Successful Manuscripts Thinking ahead during research Selecting a journal Understanding the publication process Writing the manuscript Submitting the manuscript Responding to reviews Publication Avoiding common errors

Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Ethics The words and figures and data must be original work Data can be re-used with proper citation Authors should make a substantive contribution to the paper Authors should be added or dropped with full disclosure Data must be fully and truthfully reported Errors must be fully and truthfully reported

Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Title and Authorship Who can be an author? Responsibilities of first author  ownership  submission and communications

Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Abstract 264 Words What was measured What we learned

Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Abstract What was done? What were the specific results? What are the significant conclusion? Specific details General significance

Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Introduction

Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Introduction Cite the relevant general literature Narrow the focus to your topic Explain why your research is interesting State briefly what research was done

Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Introduction: Last Paragraph What samples collected What was measured Why? What results did we hope to achieve?

Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Background What does the reader need to understand about the previous results? What previous results will you refer to in your interpretations? If it doesn’t help your reader or help your argument, eliminate it.

Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Methods Where were samples collected? What were the conditions under which they were taken? What were the analytical or experimental procedures? How were the analytical errors measured? How big were the errors?

Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Methods Cite the methods of other researchers wherever relevant

Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Results Data only—not interpretations Show patterns Show sample locations Discuss errors Label axes

Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Results

Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Discussion Explain the results Refer to information in the background section Discuss alternative interpretations Discuss the limits of your interpretation Discuss additional work that would support or refute your interpretation Discuss the relevance to previous research

Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Conclusion Explain the broader significance Review the main conclusions Offer more speculative interpretations (cautiously) Point to the direction of future research

Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Acknowledgments Funding sources (include grant number) Reviewers (anonymous or by name) Colleagues who helped Laboratory technicians Family or friends (not usual, but sometimes done)

Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Acknowledgments

Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global References Cited Follow the journal’s format List only references cited

Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Appendices (optional) Detailed methodology Data tables Algorithms Other useful detail not required in main text Check the journal’s guidelines May be electronic or printed

Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Figures and Captions Figures should be numbered in the order that they appear in the text Figure captions should only explain the figure content (all interpretations and discussion should be in the text) Figures will usually be reduced in size when printed Figures will usually be printed in grey tones unless you pay for color

Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Writing Successful Manuscripts Thinking ahead during research Selecting a journal Understanding the publication process Writing the manuscript Submitting the manuscript Responding to reviews Publication Avoiding common errors

Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Format and File Types Read the journal guidelines carefully and early

Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Manuscript Formatting

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Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Letter to the Editor

Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Letter to the Editor

Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Letter: 1 st Paragraph

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Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Letter: Citations

Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Letter: Suggested Reviewers

Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Writing Successful Manuscripts Thinking ahead during research Selecting a journal Understanding the publication process Writing the manuscript Submitting the manuscript Responding to reviews Publication Avoiding common errors

Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Response to Review Comments

Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Response to Review Comment Respond to each comment Be respectful Respond fully Explain in detail

Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Writing Successful Manuscripts Thinking ahead during research Selecting a journal Understanding the publication process Writing the manuscript Submitting the manuscript Responding to reviews Publication Avoiding common errors

Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Publication Determine how many reprints that you want Communicate clearly with your co-authors Obtain and distribute PDF copies to co- authors Quickly respond to any last-minute requests by the editor

Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Writing Successful Manuscripts Thinking ahead during research Selecting a journal Understanding the publication process Writing the manuscript Submitting the manuscript Responding to reviews Publication Avoiding common errors

Publishing Research Papers ©2011 CRDF Global Avoid Common Mistakes Read and follow all formatting guidelines Be sure the journal is suitable for the research Keep in good communications with co- authors Keep the paper clearly organized and place information in the correct location Be sure you know the existing research and cite it correctly