Chapter one – public speaking, a long tradition Chapter Overview: Details the focus of rhetoric and speech in classical education Discusses the contributions to speech today made by a classical student-turned politician Addresses the importance of speech and rhetoric training in our daily lives Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition

Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition Changes in Education Two significant differences in education between the Classical Period and today 1. The Classical Period had little government involvement, today the government is involved on several levels 2. The teaching of rhetoric was a fundamental component of the Classical Period, but today that is not the case Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition

Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition The Sophists In the Classical Period there were no lawyers In the assembly or courtroom citizens spoke for themselves Sophists taught speech and other topics Gorgias understood the relationship between speaker and audience Language inspired emotions Style influenced persuasion Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition

Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition Sophists Cont. Protagoras thought everything could be argued Need to know both sides of an argument Critics said this could make the worse case look better Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition

Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition Formal Greek Schools Isocrates, unlike the Sophists he was a citizen of Athens Rhetoric and speech were core subjects Knowledge is limited Good speakers need to be well informed Speakers should be morally sound Kairos can be a constraint to speaking Repetition and speaking in civic life were important and better than learning by a handbook Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition

Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition Plato’s Academy Unfavorable view of sophists and Isocrates A student of Socrates Thought rhetoric was a “knack” Education should focus on philosophy and the search for truth Philosophy was inquiry, rhetoric was flattery Did not approve of sophists Rhetoric could be used properly by philosophers Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition

Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition Aristotle Tutored Alexander the Great School was the Lyceum He was very pragamatic Three ways of knowing Techne – experiential knowledge Episteme – universal knowledge Intermediate knowledge – what is intuitively correct to the person Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition

Aristotle Disagreed with Plato Saw rhetoric as a creative process, not just persuasive Four functions of rhetoric: Uphold truth and justice Teaching to an audience Analyze both sides of an argument Defend oneself Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition

Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition Aristotle Cont. Did recognize a danger if rhetoric was used as some of the Sophists taught Three sources of persuasion and artistic proofs Ethos Logos Pathos Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition

Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition Aristotle Cont. Inartistic proofs are outside of the speaker Evidence Data Documents Three virtues of style Clarity Correctness Propriety Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition

Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition Cicero Had both court and Roman Senate experience Rose to Consul in the Senate A man of the people Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition

Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition Cicero Cont. Cicero and the five canons Invention Arrangement Style Delivery Memory Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition

Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition Quintilian During the years of the Roman Republic rhetoric was seen as of value During the Roman Empire rhetoric was still taught, but focused more on epideictive speech than political speech Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition

Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition Emperor Vespasian Rhetoric and public speaking rose in importance Vespasian gave grants to artists and teachers to promote education and civic engagement Quintilian used his grant to assist in funding his school and promoting his writing Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition

Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition Quintilian Said rhetoric was “the art of speaking well” Five principle duties for any speakers Defend truth Protect the innocent Prevent criminal behavior Inspire the military Inspire the public Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition

Linear Model of Communication Communication seen like injecting someone with a drug Seven components Sender Encoding Message Channel Noise Receiver Decodes Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition

Transactional Model of Communication Linear Model is inadequate Transactional Model noted that we send and receive messages simultaneously Feedback becomes an aspect of the model Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition

Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition Speech in Daily Lives Civic engagement is knowing that one has responsibility to the community Putnam says that citizen involvement has decreased since WWII Speech is still seen as important to civic engagement Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition

Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition The Mediated World Today, people are barraged with media messages Many of today’s messages are meant to persuade Training in speech and rhetoric are important due to the numerous messages, in various forms, that people receive daily Chapter One - Public Speaking, a Long Tradition