The Inca Empire Created by Katrina Namnama & Kathleen DeGuzman (edited)

INCA The Incas never invented the wheel. They never invented a system of writing. Yet, high in the rugged Andes Mountains of South America, the Incas built thousands of miles of well- paved roads, everyone in the empire was well fed and no one was homeless. The Incas never invented the wheel. They never invented a system of writing. Yet, high in the rugged Andes Mountains of South America, the Incas built thousands of miles of well- paved roads, everyone in the empire was well fed and no one was homeless. Come meet the Children of the Sun. Welcome to the Inca Empire!

Main Ideas The Inca built a huge empire in South America, but they were conquered by the Spanish. The Inca built a huge empire in South America, but they were conquered by the Spanish. The rise of the Inca Empire was due to conquest and the achievements of the Inca people. The rise of the Inca Empire was due to conquest and the achievements of the Inca people. Pizarro conquered the Incas and took control of the region. Pizarro conquered the Incas and took control of the region. The Incas had strong traditions of building, art, and storytelling. Many of their creations still exist today. The Incas had strong traditions of building, art, and storytelling. Many of their creations still exist today.

Background Empire extended along the Pacific coast and Andean highlands from northern border of modern Ecuador to Maule River in central Chile Empire extended along the Pacific coast and Andean highlands from northern border of modern Ecuador to Maule River in central Chile Inca originated in village of Paqari- tampu, about 15mi south of Cuzco Inca originated in village of Paqari- tampu, about 15mi south of Cuzco Official language: Quechua Official language: Quechua

Pachacuti ( ) Usurped throne from brother Inca Urcon Usurped throne from brother Inca Urcon Considered the founder of the Inca Empire Considered the founder of the Inca Empire Skilled warrior and chief religious leader Skilled warrior and chief religious leader Claimed he was divine, son of the sun Claimed he was divine, son of the sun Exercised absolute power Exercised absolute power

Francisco Pizarro 1527 : Pizarro wanted to discover wealth; embarked on his third voyage to the New World 1527 : Pizarro wanted to discover wealth; embarked on his third voyage to the New World Sept. to Nov : Sept. to Nov : The Cajamarca massacre- Pizarro led 160 Spaniards to Cuzco, slaughtering over 2,000 Inca and injuring 5,000 The Cajamarca massacre- Pizarro led 160 Spaniards to Cuzco, slaughtering over 2,000 Inca and injuring 5,000

Events leading to Rise and Fall 1438 : Manco Capac established capital at Cuzco (Peru) 1438 : Manco Capac established capital at Cuzco (Peru) : Pachacuti gained control of Andean population about 12 million people : Pachacuti gained control of Andean population about 12 million people 1525 : Emperor Huayna Capac died of plague; civil war broke out between two sons because no successor named 1525 : Emperor Huayna Capac died of plague; civil war broke out between two sons because no successor named 1532 : Spanish arrived in Peru 1532 : Spanish arrived in Peru 1535 : Empire lost 1535 : Empire lost

Polytheistic religion- Pantheon headed by Inti-the sun god Polytheistic religion- Pantheon headed by Inti-the sun god combined features of animism and worship of nature gods combined features of animism and worship of nature gods offered food, clothing, and drink offered food, clothing, and drink rituals included forms of divination, sacrifice of humans and animals rituals included forms of divination, sacrifice of humans and animals

Machu Picchu The ancient city of Machu Picchu was discovered in The ancient city of Machu Picchu was discovered in Explorers found ruins of temples, palaces, fortresses, and a royal tomb. Explorers found ruins of temples, palaces, fortresses, and a royal tomb.

Machu Picchu They also found a Intihuatana – the ceremonial pyramid the Incas built to speak to their sun god. They also found a Intihuatana – the ceremonial pyramid the Incas built to speak to their sun god. The carved rock at the top was used by the Incan astronomers to predict the best times to plant crops The carved rock at the top was used by the Incan astronomers to predict the best times to plant crops

Important Positions Local governors responsible for exacting labor tax which could be paid by service in army, on public works, or in agricultural work Local governors responsible for exacting labor tax which could be paid by service in army, on public works, or in agricultural work Coya carried out important religious duties and governed when Sapa Inca absent Coya carried out important religious duties and governed when Sapa Inca absent Nobles ruled provinces w/ chieftains Nobles ruled provinces w/ chieftains

Military Expansion attacked, looted villages of neighboring peoples, assessing tribute attacked, looted villages of neighboring peoples, assessing tribute program of permanent conquest, establishing garrisons among settlements of peoples whom they conquered program of permanent conquest, establishing garrisons among settlements of peoples whom they conquered conquered and assimilated people of Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Ecuador, and Peru conquered and assimilated people of Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Ecuador, and Peru gained territory south to the Titicaca Basin, north to present-day Quito making subject peoples of powerful Chancas, Quecha, kingdom of Chimu gained territory south to the Titicaca Basin, north to present-day Quito making subject peoples of powerful Chancas, Quecha, kingdom of Chimu empire reached southernmost extent in central Chile, last vestiges of resistance on southern Perurian coast eliminated empire reached southernmost extent in central Chile, last vestiges of resistance on southern Perurian coast eliminated pushed northern boundary of empire to Ancasmayo River pushed northern boundary of empire to Ancasmayo River

Political Philosophy policy of forced resettlement ensured political stability policy of forced resettlement ensured political stability officials collected taxes, enforced laws, kept records on a quipu (collection of knotted colored strings) which noted dates, events, population, crops officials collected taxes, enforced laws, kept records on a quipu (collection of knotted colored strings) which noted dates, events, population, crops use of road system strictly limited to government, military business use of road system strictly limited to government, military business all land belonged to Inca, crops allotted to specific groups, government took possession of each harvest all land belonged to Inca, crops allotted to specific groups, government took possession of each harvest private property forbidden, crime nonexistent, citizens never starved private property forbidden, crime nonexistent, citizens never starved no written records; oral tradition preserved through generations no written records; oral tradition preserved through generations

Economic Developments constructed aquaducts, cities, temples, fortresses, short rock tunnels, suspension bridges, 2250mi road system constructed aquaducts, cities, temples, fortresses, short rock tunnels, suspension bridges, 2250mi road system metal works of alloy, copper, tin, bronze, silver gold metal works of alloy, copper, tin, bronze, silver gold developed important medical practices- surgery on human skull, anesthesia developed important medical practices- surgery on human skull, anesthesia resources-corn, potatoes, coffee, grain resources-corn, potatoes, coffee, grain created woven baskets, woodwinds created woven baskets, woodwinds

Cultural Conflict & Cooperation religious institutions destroyed by Spanish conquerors’ campaign against idolatry religious institutions destroyed by Spanish conquerors’ campaign against idolatry Spaniards superior military technology Spaniards superior military technology horses, muskets, cannons, metal helmets, armor, steel swords and lances horses, muskets, cannons, metal helmets, armor, steel swords and lances Incan Bronze Age weapons Incan Bronze Age weapons llamas, clubs, sticks, wooden spears and arrows llamas, clubs, sticks, wooden spears and arrows division & discontent among Inca, Spanish played on old feuds division & discontent among Inca, Spanish played on old feuds disease brought by Europeans disease brought by Europeans survivors felt gods were less powerful than those of conquerors survivors felt gods were less powerful than those of conquerors Incans believed that disasters marked world’s end Incans believed that disasters marked world’s end

Today descendants of Inca are present day Quechua-speaking peasants of Andes, constitute about 45% population of Peru descendants of Inca are present day Quechua-speaking peasants of Andes, constitute about 45% population of Peru combine farming, herding w/ simple traditional technology combine farming, herding w/ simple traditional technology rural settlements three kinds: families living in midst of fields, true village communities w/ fields outside of inhabited centers, combination of two rural settlements three kinds: families living in midst of fields, true village communities w/ fields outside of inhabited centers, combination of two towns centers of mestizo (mixed-blood) population towns centers of mestizo (mixed-blood) population Indian community close-knit, families usually intermarrying; much of agricultural work done cooperatively Indian community close-knit, families usually intermarrying; much of agricultural work done cooperatively religion is Roman Catholicism infused w/ pagan hierarchy of spirits and deities religion is Roman Catholicism infused w/ pagan hierarchy of spirits and deities

Bibliography Bernhard, Brendan. Pizarro, Orellana, and the Exploration of the Amazon. New York: Chealsea House Publishers, Editors of Time-Life Books. Incas: Lords of Gold and Glory. Alexandria: Time-Life Books, Ellis, Elizabeth Gaynor & Esler, Anthony. World History: Connections to Today. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc., Ogburn, Dennis E. The Empire of the Incas. 7 Oct Feb "Inca." Encyclopedia Britannica Encyclopedia Britannica Premium Service. 26 Feb “Inca.” Grolier Universal Encyclopedia. Volume 5. New York: Grolier Inc., 1965.