Society Publishing: AMA Publishing as a Case Study Norman Frankel, Dir of Licensing American Medical Association March 16, 2004 ICOLC Meeting in New Orleans

Welcome to JAMA & Archives (1) The AMA publishes ten scientific journals: JAMA (Journal of the American Medical Association) (48/yr) Archives of Dermatology (monthly) Archives if Facial Plastic Surgery (6/year) Archives of General Psychiatry (monthly) Archives of Internal Medicine (twice per month)

Welcome to JAMA & Archives (2) Archives of Neurology (monthly) Archives of Ophthalmology (monthly) Archives of Otolaryngology (monthly) Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (monthly) Archives of Surgery (monthly)

Welcome to JAMA & Archives (3) JAMA has continuously published since 1883 Most of the Archives were founded in the early 20th Century JAMA Impact Factor has increased over the years to place it as the #2 ranked medical journal All journals are peer reviewed JAMA has a 91% article rejection rate

Accessibility of JAMA & Archives (1) JAMA & Archives are available to individuals as well as institutions Participation in the Hinari Initiative which makes JAMA & Archives available for free to Tier 4 countries Abstracts for all JAMA & Archives articles are available free from 1975-present either from the AMA web site or PubMed/Medline JAMA print and online is a benefit of membership to the 200,000 AMA members

Accessibility of JAMA & Archives (2) JAMA print is sent to 135,000 physicians as controlled circulation JAMA print and online paid circ is 20,000 TOTAL JAMA SUBSCRIPTIONS 355,000 Percentage of JAMA subscriptions that are free: 94%

Additional Points of Access (1) Many individual academic researchers have access to JAMA & Archives through their institution JAMA is translated into many locally produced editions around the world: Chinese, Japanese, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Turkish, Greek, Polish, Czech, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian and Hungarian

Additional Points of Access (2) There are also local English language editions of JAMA in India and the Middle East. The latter goes to Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Tunisia, Kuwait, Algeria and the UAE All JAMA research articles and editorials are available open access 6 months after publication, dropping behind the wall after 5 years The author of each JAMA & Archives article receives 25 free e-prints

AMA Publishing Academic Library Advisory Committee Formed in 2003 To provide regular input from the library community To provide AMA with a better understanding of the issues affecting the library community To allow AMA to float trial balloons concerning product development and other issues To make sure AMA Customer Service is satisfactory and solicit modes of improvement To discuss the latest trends in electronic publishing

Costs to produce quality publications in the electronic environment (1) Editorial costs: Each of the 10 journals has a separate and independent editorial board Web editorial costs: Additional infrastructure to manage the web editions of the journals Printing and postage Paper costs Hosting service costs: Very expensive. Costs increase along with usage

Costs to produce quality publications in the electronic environment (2) Software upgrades System maintenance Development/Research costs: to develop the quality of the pubs to improve technical aspects

Costs to produce quality publications in the electronic environment (3) CONCLUSIONS: Electronic publishing has not reduced costs. Costs are shifted and in some cases increased Intellectual costs are highest and increase with electronic production

Revenue Sources (1) Traditional print revenue sales to the individual and institutional markets Institutional revenue includes print+online, online only and site licenses Individual revenue includes print+online and online only Direct Pay Per View and Pay Per Access

Revenue Sources (2) Aggregators: Ovid, Proquest, Ebsco Document Delivery: Infotrieve Copyright Clearance Center: AAS, TRS, APS, FAS Licensing international editions Advertising sales Reprint sales

Commercial and Society Publishers (1) There are not significant differences between commercial and larger society publishers such as AMA, BMA and Mass Medical Society There is competition among all top tier medical publications, commercial and society, for the most interesting and rigorously conducted studies. Society publishers must deal with margin requirements, financial goals and other things associated with a regular publishing business

Commercial and Society Publishers (2) Society publishers have accountants and lawyers, sales teams, bottom lines, P&L statements, margin requirements and financial goals Both society and commercial publishers must turn a profit on their publishing products. If they lose money consistently they are out of business There will be situations where a society will subsidize a publication that loses money. Perhaps the publication brings status to the society.

Commercial and Society Publishers (3) There will also be situations where a commercial publisher will subsidize a publication that loses money. Perhaps for reasons of status or they hope that, long term, it will turn a profit There are situations where the journal actually subsidizes the society Larger society publishers, as is the case with commercial publishers, may be putting more of their revenue stream at risk by signing discounted deals with consortia

Commercial and Society Publishers (4) Smaller societies may be more willing to join a consortia as they will provide wider exposure and incremental revenue Smaller society publications may have a narrower focus and be less well known. Consortia deals may widen their reach Smaller society publications often have no or very little advertising; tend to be primarily subscription driven Smaller societies, like their larger counterparts and commercial publishers, have bottom line responsibilities

Goals for working with a Consortium (1) Central buying authority with authorization to sign a deal for the entire consortium AMA does not expect to have to negotiate with individual organizations. We expect that we will sign only one contract and have one set of negotiations Include this signed authority as an addendum to the AMA-Consortium ( i.e., the Addendum will include the signatures of each of the participating institutions. This addendum will state that the central authority will negotiate for all signatories and we will NO T have to go back and negotiate individual deals

Goals for working with a Consortium (2) Increased revenue/and or decreased expenses from the area covered by the consortium Increased reach of JAMA & Archives into the area covered by the consortium Long term deals that will lock in revenue streams

Additional Consortia Roles (1) Increased visibility for libraries in the funding process According to ARL data expenditures for the library as a percent of the total university operating budget has drastically declined, from 3.7% in 1984 to 2.88% in 2001 According to the College Board, since the 1980’s college prices (including tuition) have increased steadily at 2 to 3 times the CPI. After adjusting for inflation, average tuition of public and private 4-year institutions has increased in excess of 128%

Additional Consortia Roles (2) Total change for 4 year public colleges & universities from 2002/03 to 2003/04 was +9.8% ($9,689 to $10,636) in non-inflation adjusted dollars How do we convince those who allocate university funding that library budgets should increase at the same rate as tuition? How can we convince university administrators of the central role played by the library in the educational process? Library school education: business courses

Library Consulting Services Develop a line of consulting services to sell to the respective library communities Basic library service will be provided without charge In depth research consulting is billed out by the hour Other sources of revenue, i.e., Amazon.com model

Future Trends in STM Publishing (1) Back file conversion Open Access: Risks and Responsibilities Archiving of electronic files Increased international cooperation Outsourcing trends

Future trends in STM Publishing (2) Decreased manuscript submission to publication time Wider dissemination of STM information Licensing options will continue to evolve Importance of linkability will continue to increase Refinement of usage statistics

Future trends in STM Publishing (3) Changing patterns of research behavior Changing roles of aggregators Changing roles of subscription agents Continued consolidation of commercial publishers University publishing opportunities

Concluding Remarks Electronic publishing has increased STM publication costs Library funding is crucial Various economic models will work as long as they make sense to publishers and libraries Publishers and librarians must work together