CEREBRAL PALSY Dr. Meg-angela Christi Amores
Cerebral Palsy (CP) diagnostic term used to describe a group of motor syndromes resulting from disorders of early brain development often associated with epilepsy and abnormalities of speech, vision, and intellect selective vulnerability of the brain's motor systems
Epidemiology and Etiology the most common and costly form of chronic motor disability that begins in childhood prevalence of 2/1000 80% of cases – antenatal factors causing abnormal brain development <10% - had evidence of intrapartum asphyxia High prevalence in low birth weight infants due to intracerebral hemorrhage
Etiology congenital anomalies external to the central nervous system Intrauterine exposure to maternal infection (e.g., chorioamnionitis, inflammation of placental membranes, umbilical cord inflammation, foul- smelling amniotic fluid, maternal sepsis, temperature greater than 38°C during labor, and urinary tract infection)
Periventricular leukomalacia
Clinical manifestations - syndromes Spastic hemiplegia arm is often more involved than the leg difficulty in hand manipulation is obvious by 1 yr old Walking delayed until mo growth arrest, particularly in the hand and thumbnail 1/3 have seizure disorder 25% have cognitive abnormalities including mental retardation MRI : Focal cerebral infarction
Clinical manifestations - syndromes Spastic diplegia bilateral spasticity of the legs greater than in the arms often noted when an affected infant begins to crawl tends to drag the legs behind as a rudder (commando crawl) scissoring posture of the lower extremities Walking is significantly delayed Excellent prognosis for normal cognition Minimal seizures MRI: periventricular leukomalacia
Clinical manifestations – syndromes Spastic quadriplegia Most severe form marked motor impairment of all extremities high association with mental retardation and seizures speech and visual abnormalities MRI: severe PVL and multicystic cortical encephalomalacia
Clinical manifestations – syndromes Athetoid CP also called choreoathetoid or extrapyramidal CP characteristically hypotonic with poor head control and marked head lag Feeding may be difficult, and tongue thrust and drooling Speech is typically affected
Diagnosis thorough history and physical examination should preclude a progressive disorder of the CNS MRI scan of the brain is generally indicated to determine the location and extent of structural lesions tests of hearing and visual function
Treatment team of physicians from various specialties, as well as occupational and physical therapists, speech pathologists, social workers, educators, and developmental psychologists no proof that physical or occupational therapy prevents development of CP evidence shows that therapy optimizes the development of an abnormal child
Treatment spastic diplegia assistance of adaptive equipment, such as walkers, poles, and standing frames Quadriplegia motorized wheelchairs, special feeding devices, modified typewriters, and customized seating arrangements
Treatment Communication skills Bliss symbols, talking typewriters, and specially adapted computers including artificial intelligence computers Drugs for spasticity: dantrolene sodium, the benzodiazepines, and baclofen