Psychoanalytic Theory

Core Concepts: 1. Psychic Determinism 1. Psychic Determinism 2. Unconscious Motivation 2. Unconscious Motivation 3. Child development 3. Child development 4. Conflict 4. Conflict

Sub-Theories: Economic/Drive Theory ( Dual Instinct ) Economic/Drive Theory ( Dual Instinct ) Topographic ( UNC, Preconscious, CON ) Topographic ( UNC, Preconscious, CON ) Structural ( ID, EGO, SUPEREGO ) Structural ( ID, EGO, SUPEREGO )

Instincts: Eros (libido) Eros (libido) Thanatos (death/aggression) Thanatos (death/aggression) Love and Death (Creation and Destruction) Love and Death (Creation and Destruction)

Cathexis (investment of psychic energy) Cathexis (investment of psychic energy) Fixation (getting stuck) Fixation (getting stuck)

Structures of the Mind Id Id instinctual gratification Pleasure Principle / Primary Process Ego Ego reality testing Reality Principle / Secondary Process Superego Superego

Psychosexual Development Oral (0-18 mo.) Oral (0-18 mo.) Pleasure zone: mouth; Activities: sucking, mouthing, biting etc. Anal (18-36 mo.) Anal (18-36 mo.) Pleasure zone: anus Activity: elimination & retention of feces (control) Phallic (3-6 yo) Phallic (3-6 yo) Oedipus Complex

Latency Latency Genital Genital Personality fixed by the end of Phallic stage Personality fixed by the end of Phallic stage

Anxiety and Defense Repression Repression Defense Mechanisms Defense MechanismsExamples: Projection, Displacement, Reaction Formation, etc.

Character Character Fixed patterns of conflict and defense.

Criticism of Freud Overemphasis on unconscious processes Overemphasis on unconscious processes Overemphasis on “sexual” development Overemphasis on “sexual” development Neglect of interpersonal environment and social learning Neglect of interpersonal environment and social learning Overemphasis on early development Overemphasis on early development Difficult to operationalize and test Difficult to operationalize and test Biased by era and culture Biased by era and culture

Post-Freudian Theories Evolution of the theory Move away from primary focus on instincts and more toward ego capacities Move away from primary focus on instincts and more toward ego capacities Greater emphasis on social/interpersonal relations Greater emphasis on social/interpersonal relations Development as on-going process Development as on-going processSimilarities: Dynamic UNC, Conflict, Stages of Development

Jung Collective UNC Collective UNC Archetypes Archetypes Anima/Animus Anima/Animus Introversion/Extraversion Introversion/Extraversion

Adler “Individual Psychology” unique individuality and unified strivings of the whole person “Individual Psychology” unique individuality and unified strivings of the whole person Ego functions Ego functions Social environment Social environment Inferiority/Superiority Inferiority/Superiority Compensatory Motivation Compensatory Motivation Inferiority Complex Inferiority Complex

Erikson Psychosocial Development Psychosocial Development 8 stages, development throughout the lifespan Crises Crises1.Trust 2. Autonomy 5. Identity 6. Intimacy

OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY Interpersonal relations and the development of the SELF Interpersonal relations and the development of the SELF Internalized “object” representations Internalized “object” representations Fundamental role of ATTACHMENT as primary need Fundamental role of ATTACHMENT as primary need

Klein Stages: 1. (Schizoid) Fusion “Mommy and I are one” 1. (Schizoid) Fusion “Mommy and I are one” 2. (Paranoid) Good bad splitting 2. (Paranoid) Good bad splitting similar to “bi-polar representations” (Kernberg) similar to “bi-polar representations” (Kernberg) 3. (Depressive) Integration ambivalence & compromise 3. (Depressive) Integration ambivalence & compromise “good enough mothering” “good enough mothering”

Attachment MAHLER, BOWLBY, AINSWORTH, KERNBERG etc. MAHLER, BOWLBY, AINSWORTH, KERNBERG etc. responsive parenting responsive parenting secure/anxious/avoidant attachments secure/anxious/avoidant attachments

Kohut SELF PSYCHOLOGY SELF PSYCHOLOGY Self-objects Self-objects Functions Functions Mirroring Mirroring

Horney psychosocial and sociocultural factors psychosocial and sociocultural factors “womb envy” “womb envy”

ASSESSMENT tip of the iceberg tip of the iceberg ambiguous stimuli ambiguous stimuli

Projective Testing Rorschach Rorschach TAT TAT Murray’s Needs “higher order motives” Interrater/Interjudge reliability Interrater/Interjudge reliability

Empirical evidence Criticism Criticism superficial superficial isolated isolated artificial artificial

Empirical evidence 1. UNC processing Automaticity Automaticity 2. UNC motivation Nisbet & Wilson (unconscious behavior) Silverman (subliminal activation) 3. Repression Mixed results Repressed Memory Debate

Eyewitnesses reconstruct their memories when questioned about the event.

Group A: How fast were the cars going when they hit each other? Group B: How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other? A week later they were asked: Was there any broken glass? Group B (smashed into) reported more broken glass than Group A (hit).