Understanding Insecticides or 101 Ways to Kill a Cockroach Philip G. Koehler Margie & Dempsey Sapp Endowed Professor of Urban Entomology Department of Entomology University of Florida

Insecticide Any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating insects.

Modes of Action of Insecticides Nervous System Cellular Toxins Cuticular Disrupters Growth and Metamorphosis Energy Production

Insecticide Causes Mad Cow Disease Nervous System Lethal spasms and seizures Insects flip on back Legs wiggle uncontrollably Myths: Insecticide Causes Mad Cow Disease by Fintan Dunne, Research by Kathy McMahon Reprinted from eionews.com, email - news@eionews.com Prions in human brains are damaged by lice lotions containing organophosphate. This can result in neurological diseases like CJD and Alzheimers later in life.

Insecticides that Affect the Nervous System Sodium Channel DDT Pyrethroids permethrin deltamethrin

Nerves and Pyrethroids Repeated nerve firing Sodium Channels Direction of Nerve Impulse

Why do neurons like e-mail? They like to send and receive lots of messages

Pyrethroids Allethrin Bifenthrin Cyfluthrin Permethrin Cypermethrin Deltamethrin d-phenothrin Tetramethrin Synthetically produced chemicals based on biologically active compounds in pyrethrum plant Irritating to skin Allergies Active at low concentrations Lipophilic

Talstar PL Granular: bifenthrin Unique sand core granular Provides a 2 to 4 month residual, supplying effective, long-term protection. Penetrates mulch and grass, with no watering needed. No odor Low application rates

Pyrethroids Effects Action on Human System - Irritant Systemic Effects - Minimal Irritation Effects - Stinging, burning, itching, tingling, numbness of skin.

Insecticides that Affect the Nervous System Cholinesterase Sodium Channel Carbamates Phosphates DDT Pyrethroids permethrin deltamethrin chlorpyrifos malathion diazinon propoxur carbaryl

Neuro-transmitters Neuro-receptors

What happens when a neurotransmitter falls in love with a receptor? You get a binding relationship

Neurotransmitter and Receptor Types Small Molecule Neurotransmitter Substances Acetylcholine (ACh) Dopamine (DA) Norepinephrine (NE) Serotonin (5-HT) Histamine Amino Acids Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) Glycine Glutamate Aspartate Targeted by Insecticides

Cholinesterase Inhibitors ACh Organophosphates Carbamates Causes repeated nerve firing Receptors

Organophosphates and Carbamates Chlorpyrifos Diazinon Trichlorfon Parathion Carbamates carbaryl (Sevin) propoxur (Baygon) Chemicals which are derived from phosphoric and carbamic acid and bond with cholinesterase Acute toxicity Not persistent Hyper-excitation Insect flips on back with legs twitching Sulfur in formulation often causes strong odor

Dursban: Chlorpyrifos Proven Residual Control Effective control makes it the perfect product for maintenance accounts. Ability to provide control for several weeks, keeps customers protected between treatments. Broad Label for Varied Applications Broad labeling allows use for almost any application indoors or out. Designed to be used in homes and apartments, hospitals, stores, manufacturing plants and warehouses.

Organophosphate Effects Action on Human System - Inhibits acetylcholinesterase enzyme in tissues. Systemic Effects - Headache, dizziness, weakness, shaking, nausea, stomach cramps, diarrhea, sweating. Irritation Effects - Minimal rashes, but readily absorbed through the skin. Delayed/Allergic Effects - Loss of appetite, weakness, weight loss, and general feeling of sickness. Occasionally permanent harm to brain and nervous system.

N-Methyl Carbamates Effects Action on Human System - Reversible changes in acetylcholinesterase enzyme in tissues. Systemic Effects - Headache, dizziness, weakness, shaking, nausea, stomach cramps, diarrhea, sweating. Irritation Effects - Minimal rashes, but readily absorbed through the skin. Delayed/Allergic Effects - Loss of appetite, weakness, weight loss, and general feeling of sickness.

When does a brain get scared? When it loses its nerve

Insecticides that Affect the Nervous System Sodium Channel Cholinesterase Acetylcholine receptor Carbamates Phosphates DDT Pyrethroids Imidacloprid permethrin deltamethrin chlorpyrifos malathion diazinon propoxur carbaryl

Acetylcholine Receptor Nicotine Chloronicotinyls Fluoronicotinyls Acetylcholine ACh Nicotinic Receptors Muscarinic Receptors ACh-receptors

Chloronicotinyls Imidacloprid Advantage -- pet treatment Merit -- turf ornamentals Premise -- termites Affects insects first by paralyzing mouthparts Water soluble Systemic in plants Slow action

Premise: Imidacloprid No odor Not repellent to termites Low risk to your family, your pets, your home Premise causes a range of effects: Pests stop feeding Premise Plus Nature™. This phenomenon makes termites susceptible to infection by naturally occurring organisms. Lateral Soil Movement causes spread to ensure thorough soil coverage

Insecticides that Affect the Nervous System Sodium Channel GABA Receptor Cholinesterase Acetylcholine Receptor Carbamates Phosphates DDT Pyrethroids Cyclodienes Phenyl pyrazoles Imidacloprid permethrin deltamethrin chlorpyrifos malathion diazinon chlordane heptachlor fipronil propoxur carbaryl

GABA Receptor in Central Nervous System Phenyl pyrazoles or Fiproles GABA GABA receptor Chloride ions Fipronil GABA GABA-receptors

If some of Fred Flintstone's neurotransmitters could talk, what would they say? GABA-daba-doo

Phenyl pyrazoles Fipronil Chipco Choice -- mole crickets & grubs Termidor -- termites Regent -- corn Frontline -- flea & tick MaxForce FC -- cockroaches and ants Most lipophilic insecticide ever discovered Persistent in soil Spread among social insects on bodies 4 months of residual on dogs (binds to oils in sebaceous glands) cross-resistance from cyclodienes

MaxForce FC: Fipronil Unique mode of action: long-term control faster results than other ant and cockroach bait products Fipronil is a highly active, broad-spectrum insecticide from the phenyl pyrazole family discovered in 1987 low doses highly effective against a broad range of insect pests, including ants and roaches

Insecticides that Affect the Nervous System Sodium Channel Glutamate Receptor GABA Receptor Cholinesterase Acetylcholine Receptor Carbamates Phosphates Avermectins DDT Pyrethroids Cyclodienes Fiproles Imidacloprid permethrin deltamethrin abamectin chlorpyrifos malathion diazinon chlordane heptachlor fipronil propoxur carbaryl

Glutamate Receptor in Central Nervous System Avermectins Abamectin Glutamate Receptors Abamectin Glutamate Glutamate-receptors

Avermectins Abamectin Avert -- cockroaches Advance -- ants Produced from soil microbials. Stomach poison for ants and cockroaches slow acting low toxicity to mammals

Avert and Advance Attractive, long-lasting bait formulations Highly effective active ingredient

Insecticides that Affect the Nervous System Sodium Channel Glutamate Receptor GABA Receptor Cholinesterase Acetylcholine Receptor Carbamates Phosphates Avermectins DDT Pyrethroids Cyclodienes Fiproles Imidacloprid permethrin deltamethrin abamectin chlorpyrifos malathion diazinon chlordane heptachlor fipronil propoxur carbaryl

Why was the brain sent to the principal's office? It had trouble controlling its impulses

Mitochondrial Energy Disrupters Electron transport Hydramethylnon Oxidative phosphorylation Rotenone Pyrroles chlorfenapyr Fluorinated sulfonamids sulfluramid Mitochondria

Mitochondria Structures

Energy Production in cells The chief function of the mitochondria is to create energy by aerobic respiration. Glucose is broken down in the cell's cytoplasm to form pyruvic acid Krebs Cycle: Pyruvic acid goes through the Krebs cycle in mitochondria Reacts with water to produce carbon dioxide and ten hydrogen atoms Electron transport: Hydrogen atoms are transported on coenzymes to the cristae, Hydrogen atoms donated to the electron transport chain. Oxidative Phosphorylation -- ADP to ATP

Uh, yeah, Homework Help Line? I need to have you explain the Krebs cycle in roughly the amount of time it takes to get a cup of coffee.

Blockers of Electron Transport Hydramethylnon

Hydramethylnon MaxForce -- cockroaches and ants Siege -- cockroaches Combat -- cockroaches and ants Amdro -- fire ants Yellowish active ingredient that stains. Therefore, it is formulated as bait rather than a spray. Delayed action Insects come to a stop Unstable in sunlight

MaxForce: Hydramethylnon Powerful delayed-action makes it an ideal active ingredient for bait products. traditional insecticides affect the nervous system and quickly produce hyperexcitation and convulsions, hydramethylnon works gradually as a metabolic poison. After a single feeding, no immediate symptoms of poisoning Within hours, the insects become lethargic and stop eating. Insects die within 24 to 72 hours. Death caused by inhibiting the formation of ATP. Without the formation of ATP, insects simply run out of gas.

Uncouplers of Oxidative Phosphorylation Rotenone Sulfluramid Chlorfenapyr

Uncouplers of Oxidative Phosphorylation Rotenone -- botanical Sulfluramid -- surfactant used originally in floor cleaning compounds Pyrroles: chlorfenapyr new class of insecticides Trade name: Phantom

FluorGuard: Sulfluramid FluorGuard™ Ant Control Baits are effective against a broad spectrum of ants, including: Argentine Ants Pharaoh Ants Pavement Ants Various Household Ants

Cellular Toxins Inorganics Fumigants Copper Boric acid Borax Disodium octaborate tetrahydrate Fumigants Sulfuryl fluoride Methyl bromide Phosphine (aluminum or magnesium phosphide) Naphthalene Paradichlorobenzene

BORA-CARE or Tim-bor Disodium octaborate tetrahydrate Excellent kill and preventative for wood destroying organisms Applied to bare wood to prevent the home from being a food source for termites. Wood treatment eliminates potential soil or water contamination.

Boric Acid Effects Action on Human System - Irritant; harms stomach, intestines, blood system, and brain. Systemic Effects - Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, blood in vomit and feces, headache, weakness, tremors, restlessness. Irritation Effects - Irritates and burns skin and respiratory tract.

Vikane: Sulfuryl fluoride Proven Effectiveness More than 30 years of university research, practical use and published reports. Peace-of-Mind Control Only treatment for drywood termites that effectively penetrates the entire structure. Cost-Effective Option Fumigation eliminates all existing infestations throughout the entire structure in one application.

Phostoxin: phosphine Used to fumigate stored food seed grain DEGESCH operates a manufacturing facility in the beautiful Shenandoah Valley that produces the aluminum phosphide product, Phostoxin.

Cuticular Disrupters Silica gel Diatomaceous earth Wax Layer Amorphous, nonabrasive Absorbs 3 times its weight in oils and waxes Insect dehydrates and dies Diatomaceous earth It is fossilized silica remains of diatoms Both abrasive and absorptive Absorbs wax layer of insect cuticle, but also works by abrading the cuticle

Tri-Die: Silica Gel Naturally derived repellent residual dust with contact kill. It contains 1% pyrethrum, 10% piperonyl butoxide, and 40% amorphous silica.

Insect Growth Regulators Juvenile hormone analogs or mimics Chitin inhibitors (benzoylphenyl ureas)

Juvenile Hormone Products Cockroach affected by hydroprene Methoprene -- not stable in sunlight Altosid PharaohRid Extinguish Fire Ant Bait Hydroprene -- not stable in sunlight Gencor Pyriproxyfen -- stable in sunlight Archer Neem (azodiractin) -- no good formulations

Archer: Pyriproxyfen Target Both Cockroaches and Fleas with one IGR Unique mode of action Low use rates Lasting residual activity Photostable for long-term control

Juvenile Hormone Analog Effects Action on Human System - Very low systemic toxicity. Systemic Effects - Minimal

Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors (CSI) Diflubenzuron (Dimilin) Hexaflumuron (Recruit bait used in Sentricon) Lufenuron (Program) Affect insect’s ability to molt by shutting off synthesis of chitin CSI affected Normal Termite workers

Sentricon with Recruit II Bait First product approved under the EPA's new Reduced Risk Pesticide Initiative. Workers ingest bait and pass it along to other members of the termite colony. Impacts termites by inhibiting their molting process

Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor Effects Action on Human System - Low systemic toxicity. Systemic Effects - Minimal

Modes of Action of Insecticides Nervous System Cellular Toxins Cuticular Disrupters Growth and Metamorphosis Energy Production

What did the brain say during its retirement speech? Thanks for the memories