Culture Hofstede Source: Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind New York: MCGraw-Hill, 2005 Djamaludin Ancok

Why we study Culture Culture is a mental program that determines and regulate behavior in a certain context of society. ( How we think, how we feel & how we behave.) Culture is a mental program that determines and regulate behavior in a certain context of society. ( How we think, how we feel & how we behave.) Culture is collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from others. Culture is collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from others. Due differences of culture, frequently become source of conflict among people of different culture, since differences of how one thinks, feels and behaves. Due differences of culture, frequently become source of conflict among people of different culture, since differences of how one thinks, feels and behaves. Research findings in the western cultures can not be generalized to the eastern cultures. This mean a theory that is valid in the western culture may not be valid in the eastern culture. So research findings of human behavior in the west has no universal validity. Research findings in the western cultures can not be generalized to the eastern cultures. This mean a theory that is valid in the western culture may not be valid in the eastern culture. So research findings of human behavior in the west has no universal validity.

How culture is developed in a person Through child rearing process an individual learns about what kind of behavior is accepted and which one is not. Through child rearing process an individual learns about what kind of behavior is accepted and which one is not. Culture is similar to a computer software. How a computer works is dependent upon the type of software. Culture as ‘software of the mind’. Culture is similar to a computer software. How a computer works is dependent upon the type of software. Culture as ‘software of the mind’. Different from a computer software which solely determine the operation of a computer, human behavior is not solely determined by culture, but also influenced by the personality and creativity of the individuals. Different from a computer software which solely determine the operation of a computer, human behavior is not solely determined by culture, but also influenced by the personality and creativity of the individuals.

Characteristics of Culture Culture is a collective entity, which is shared by majority of people in a certain society. Culture is a collective entity, which is shared by majority of people in a certain society. Culture is a software of the mind that differentiates one group of people from the others. Culture is a software of the mind that differentiates one group of people from the others. Culture is something acquired through learning, not something inherited from birth. Culture is something acquired through learning, not something inherited from birth. Culture is not written habits or regulation that regulate human interactions. Culture is not written habits or regulation that regulate human interactions. Culture is relative, there is no one culture of a certain group of people is better than the cultures of others. (cultural relativism). Culture is relative, there is no one culture of a certain group of people is better than the cultures of others. (cultural relativism).

Three levels of Uniqueness in Mental Programming Human Nature Culture Personality Specific to Individual Inherited and Learned Specific to group or category Learned Universal Inherited

Human Nature Human uniqueness shared by every human being. Human uniqueness shared by every human being. Thinking Thinking Fear Fear Talking Talking Feeling Feeling Loving Loving Shame Shame ETC. ETC.

Personality Uniqueness of individuals that differentiate an individual from others. Uniqueness of individuals that differentiate an individual from others. Behavior that is genetically originated but being modified by the interaction of individuals with the culture and environment. This is a uniqueness of an individual as a result of learning. Behavior that is genetically originated but being modified by the interaction of individuals with the culture and environment. This is a uniqueness of an individual as a result of learning.

(Culture relativism) Culture relativism affirms that one culture has no absolute criteria for judging the activities of another culture as “low” or “noble” Culture relativism affirms that one culture has no absolute criteria for judging the activities of another culture as “low” or “noble” It is wrong to assume that one culture is better than the other culture. It is wrong to assume that one culture is better than the other culture. One should think twice before applying the norms of one person, groups or, society to another. One should think twice before applying the norms of one person, groups or, society to another.

Ritual Heroes Symbols Practices Values Layers of Culture

Culture Component Symbols: words, gestures, pictures, or objects that carry a particular meaning only recognized by those who share the culture Symbols: words, gestures, pictures, or objects that carry a particular meaning only recognized by those who share the culture Heroes: persons, alive or dead, real or imagery, who posses characteristics that are highly prized in a culture and serve as a model. Heroes: persons, alive or dead, real or imagery, who posses characteristics that are highly prized in a culture and serve as a model. Rituals: collective activities, technically superfluous to reaching desired ends, but within the culture it is socially essential. Rituals: collective activities, technically superfluous to reaching desired ends, but within the culture it is socially essential. Practices: Any behavior that can be seen by outsiders(symbols, heroes, rituals). Practices: Any behavior that can be seen by outsiders(symbols, heroes, rituals).

Values Values is the core of culture Values is the core of culture Values are broad tendencies to prefer certain state of affairs over others. Values are broad tendencies to prefer certain state of affairs over others. Values arae feelings with an arrow to it: plus or minus: Values arae feelings with an arrow to it: plus or minus: Good vs Bad; Dirty Vs Clean; Dangerous vs Safe; Forbidden vs Permitted; Decent vs Indecent; Moral vs Immoral; Ugly vs Beautiful; Natural vs Unnatural; Normal vs abnormal; Logical vs Paradoxical; Rational vs Irrational Good vs Bad; Dirty Vs Clean; Dangerous vs Safe; Forbidden vs Permitted; Decent vs Indecent; Moral vs Immoral; Ugly vs Beautiful; Natural vs Unnatural; Normal vs abnormal; Logical vs Paradoxical; Rational vs Irrational

The Learning Values and Practices Practices Values Age Family School Workplace

Layers of Culture A national level, according to one's country (or countries for people who migrated during their lifetime) A regional and/or ethnic and/or religious and/or linguistic affiliation level, as most nations are composed of culturally different regional and/or ethnic and/or religious and/or language groups A gender level, according to whether a person was born as a girl or as a boy A generation level, separating grandparents from parents from children A social class level, associated with educational opportunities and with a person's occupation or profession For those who are employed, organizational, departmental, and/or corporate levels, according to the way employees have been socialized by their work organization

Source of Cultural Diversity and Change The adaptation to new natural environment The adaptation to new natural environment Societies in cooler climates tended to develop greater equality among their members than did society in tropical climate. Societies in cooler climates tended to develop greater equality among their members than did society in tropical climate. Collective migration makes people adapt to the place where they have migrated. Collective migration makes people adapt to the place where they have migrated. Military Conquest that force people to be subordinate of the conqueror. Military Conquest that force people to be subordinate of the conqueror. Missionary zeal that converts people to a new religion Missionary zeal that converts people to a new religion

Culture Defined The totality of the pattern of behaviors, beliefs, institutions, arts, traditions, and the products of the human mind which become the characteristics of a community shown in the social environment The totality of the pattern of behaviors, beliefs, institutions, arts, traditions, and the products of the human mind which become the characteristics of a community shown in the social environment They consists of symbols, rituals and ceremonies, heroes, values, beliefs, and ideas They consists of symbols, rituals and ceremonies, heroes, values, beliefs, and ideas Work culture is the totality of assumptions, beliefs, intentions, and attitudes that are reflected by the habitual behaviors of people at the workplace Work culture is the totality of assumptions, beliefs, intentions, and attitudes that are reflected by the habitual behaviors of people at the workplace

Culture as Perceived SYMBOLS –Words, patterns of movement, pictures, or objects that have special meanings in a particular society SYMBOLS –Words, patterns of movement, pictures, or objects that have special meanings in a particular society RITUALS and CEREMONIES – Daily routine life of an organization which has been systematically prepared to give meaning in a particular society RITUALS and CEREMONIES – Daily routine life of an organization which has been systematically prepared to give meaning in a particular society  HEROES – People who personify the values that are held high within society, showing that they are worth to follow  VALUES – Basic concepts, beliefs, ideas, and assumptions about a society that are used as the reference for the establishment of standards of performance

The Three Levels of Culture Products and behaviors (explicit) Norms and values Basic Assumptions And Beliefs (Implicit)

The Dimensions of Culture [1] POWER DISTANCE – The extent to which the less powerful members of the organization within a society expect and accept that power is distributed unequally POWER DISTANCE – The extent to which the less powerful members of the organization within a society expect and accept that power is distributed unequally

Source: Hoecklin, L. Managing Cultural Differences. New York: Addison-Wesley, 1995

Source: Hoecklin, L. Managing Cultural Differences. New York: Addison-Wesley, 1995 Ranking of Power Distance By Nations

Power Distance & Individualism-Collectivism Source: Hoecklin, L. Managing Cultural Differences. New York: Addison-Wesley, 1995

Power Distance & Uncertainty Avoidance Source: Hoecklin, L. Managing Cultural Differences. New York: Addison-Wesley, 1995

Dimension of Culture (2) INDIVIDUALISM – Stands for a community in which the ties between individuals are loose – INDIVIDUALISM – Stands for a community in which the ties between individuals are loose – COLLECTIVISM – Stands for a community in which people have a lifelong experience of being integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups COLLECTIVISM – Stands for a community in which people have a lifelong experience of being integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups

Source: Hoecklin, L. Managing Cultural Differences. New York: Addison-Wesley, 1995

Ranking of Individualism By Nation. Source: Hoecklin, L. Managing Cultural Differences. New York: Addison-Wesley, 1995

Individualism vs. Collectivism Individualistic “I” and “Me” cultures “I” and “Me” cultures Priority given to individual freedom and choice Priority given to individual freedom and choice Israel Israel Romania Romania Nigeria Nigeria Canada Canada United States United States Collectivist “We” and “Us” cultures “We” and “Us” cultures Rank shared goals higher than individual desires and goals Rank shared goals higher than individual desires and goals Subordinate their own wishes and goals to those of the relevant social unit Subordinate their own wishes and goals to those of the relevant social unit Egypt Egypt Nepal Nepal Mexico Mexico India India Japan Japan Source: Kreitner & Kinicki, 2005

Dimension of Culture (3) MASCULINITY – Stands for a community in which assertiveness, firmness of action, and social gender role are clearly expressed – MASCULINITY – Stands for a community in which assertiveness, firmness of action, and social gender role are clearly expressed – FEMININITY – Stands for a community in which caring and concern for others are distinctly expressed FEMININITY – Stands for a community in which caring and concern for others are distinctly expressed

Source: Hoecklin, L. Managing Cultural Differences. New York: Addison-Wesley, 1995

Ranking of Masculinity By Nations Source: Hoecklin, L. Managing Cultural Differences. New York: Addison-Wesley, 1995

The Dimensions of Culture [4] UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE – UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE – The extent to which the members of the organization within a society feel threatened by uncertain, unknown, ambiguous, or unstructured situations The extent to which the members of the organization within a society feel threatened by uncertain, unknown, ambiguous, or unstructured situations

Source: Hoecklin, L. Managing Cultural Differences. New York: Addison-Wesley, 1995

Dimension of Culture (5) LONG-TERM ORIENTATION – Stands for a community fostering virtues oriented towards future rewards or independence, reflected in particular perseverance and thrift – LONG-TERM ORIENTATION – Stands for a community fostering virtues oriented towards future rewards or independence, reflected in particular perseverance and thrift – SHORT-TERM ORIENTATION – Stands for a community fostering virtues related to the past and present, in particular respect for tradition, preservation of “face”, and fulfilling social needs SHORT-TERM ORIENTATION – Stands for a community fostering virtues related to the past and present, in particular respect for tradition, preservation of “face”, and fulfilling social needs

Source: Hofstede & Hofsetede (2005)