Faculty of allied medical sciences Environmental Health (NREH-101)

Pollution SUPERVISION Prof. Dr. Mervat Salah

Outcomes : 1-To know the meaning and classification of pollution 2-To understand biological pollution 3-To know water related diseases 4-To study control and prevention of pollution

Water-borne Diseases Diseases caused by ingestion of water contaminated by human or animal excrement, which contain pathogenic microorganisms Include cholera, typhoid, amoebic and bacillary dysentery and other diarrheal diseases Waterborne disease can be caused by bacteria, protozoa, viruses, and parasites

diarrheal diseases as Giardiasis (Protozoan) Cryptosporidiosis (Bacteria) Campylobacteriosis (Bacteria) Shigellosis (Bacteria) Viral Gastroenteritis (Virus) How are they transmitted: Contaminated water sources, Poorly functioning water treatment systems Prevention methods -water chlorination -boiling water.

Water-washed Diseases Diseases caused by poor personal hygiene and skin and eye contact with contaminated water These include scabies, typhus, and other flea, and lice. Scabies is a contagious skin infection that spreads rapidly in crowded conditions and is found worldwide Personal hygiene is an important preventive measure and access to adequate water supply is important in control.

Water-related Diseases Water-related diseases are caused by insect vectors, especially mosquitoes, that breed or feed near contaminated water. Include malaria,filariasis, and yellow fever Malaria, the world's most important parasitic infectious disease, is transmitted by mosquitoes which breed in fresh or occasionally brackish water

Water-related Diseases Water-related diseases are caused by insect vectors, especially mosquitoes, that breed or feed near contaminated water. Include malaria,filariasis, and yellow fever Malaria, the world's most important parasitic infectious disease, is transmitted by mosquitoes which breed in fresh or occasionally brackish water

Water-based Diseases Diseases caused by parasites found in intermediate organisms living in contaminated water (snail) Example: Schistosomiasis البلهارسيا Schistosoma---- Schistosomiasis ----water contaminated with sercariae

Other sources for Water- borne diseases Bathing Swimming Other recreational activities that have water contact Agriculture Aquaculture

Effects of pollution Lost work days Missed educational opportunities Official and unofficial healthcare costs Draining of family resources

Control & Prevention 1- Health education Hygiene education Good nutrition Improvements in habitation and general sanitation Higher education training in water-related issues

2- Global Surveillance Public health infrastructure Standardized surveillance of water-borne disease outbreaks Guidelines must be established for investigating and reporting water-borne diseases 3- Communication and the Media Impacts at all levels Very powerful, when others fail

4- General Guidelines Avoid contacting soil that may be contaminated with human feces. Do not defecate outdoors. Dispose of wastes properly Wash hands with soap and water before handling food. When traveling to countries where sanitation and hygiene are poor, avoid water or food that may be contaminated. Wash, peel or cook all raw vegetables and fruits before eating.

Providing education on good sanitation and personal hygiene, especially hand-washing Higher education Training in water related issues Improvement in Habitation and Changing hygiene behavior Hand washing — this is the most vital component of personal hygiene in disease prevention. Hands should be washed with soap after defecation and after cleaning and disposing of an infant’s feaces Infected individuals (and domestic animals) should be treated with medicine to reduce disease transmission.

At home, the water should be Boiled, Filtered, OR other methods and necessary steps taken to ensure that it is free from Microorganisms Increasing the quantity of water available. This allows better hygiene and can thus prevent disease transmission from contaminated hands, food, or household utensils.

Tankered water must be: Potable Water Tanker Specifications License of the Tankers Monitoring of the Tankered Water Proper use and maintenance of water supply and sanitation systems. Proper maintenance of pumps and wells. Pipes and taps should always be kept clean.

Regular check for the water pipes for leaks and cracks. Control individual household piped water supplies and sewerage connections. Proper Management of Water Recourses Higher education Training program in water related disease.

Control measures Short term measure Health education Household hygiene Adequate and clean water supply Proper waste disposal Ensuring uninterrupted provision of safe drinking water is the most important preventive measure to be implemented, in order to reduce the risk of outbreaks of water-borne disease

Long term measure Create Disaster-Preparedness programme and Early Warning Systems. Improve water treatment and sanitation. Keep infectious disease control programme active and efficient. Promote tap-water quality regulation and monitoring. Improve surveillance on a local, national, international and global level Improve water treatment and sanitation.

Quiz 2 Presence of nitrate in drinking water causes---- Presence of nitrate and phosphate in surface water cause Excess of fluoride in D.W will cause while low fluoride content will cause Iron & manganese in G.W affect on ----,------of water. While, mercury and lead in surface water will cause to aquatic life Control measures to control water pollution are ,

Recommended text book Basic Environmental Health