Vertebrate Station Lab Answers

Station 1: Vertebrate Characteristics – Pgs. 767-770 What structure separates vertebrates from other chordates? ____Backbone________ The backbone of vertebrates is made of individual segments called ______Vertebrae____________. Define endoskeleton: _Internal structure that provides support, grows with individual and has living cells Bird W name: Geospiza Bird X name: Platyspiza Bird Y name: Certhidea Bird Z name: Camarhynchus

Station 1- Vertebrate characterisitcs Use the bird characteristics in the dichotomous key to organize each bird’s specific characteristics.   Bird W Bird X Bird Y Bird Z Long slender beak  Geospiza Lower edge flat  Certhidea Lower beak curved  Camarhynchus Lower edge Upper beak flat  Platyspiza

Station 1- vertebrate characterisitcs Give one example of a vertebrate animal and the specific adaptation it has for heterotrophic nutrition. Animal: ANY Type of heterotroph: Carnivore, Omnivore, or Herbivore Specific adaptation it has for feeding: Mouth, Teeth, body structure According to the cladogram: a. simplest animal? _Non vertebrate Chordate b. most complex __Mammals Which 2 animals are most closely related? ___Reptiles___________ & _________Birds________

Station 2: Fishes – Pgs. 771-781 What feeding adaptation revolutionized vertebrate evolution? _____Jaws_____________________ Which type of skeleton do fish have, (circle one)? endoskeleton What structure do fish use for gas exchange? Gills Explain what would happen to fish living in a lake if the water became oxygen-poor water? _Die from lack of oxygen or adapt as the lung fish with a tube to get oxygen and a lung like structure for gas exchage___ Use the diagrams on pg. 776 to answer the following questions. Why is a fish’s circulatory system call a “closed circulatory system”? They have a heart that pumps blood contained in vessels around the body in a single loop

Station 2- Fish What is the function of the ventricle? A thick walled, muscular chamber that pumps the blood Is a fish going to see you or “smell” you first? ___Smell Explain: The cerebrum which is primarily responsible for smell in fish is larger than the Optic lobe Fish use the __Lateral Line________________ system to detect gentle currents and vibrations in the water. Which body system is this system a part of? ___Sensory System____ Which organ do fish use to adjust their buoyancy? Air Bladder Which body system do fish use to fill their swim bladder with air? Muscular and respiratory

Station 3: Amphibians – Pgs. 782-789 INFER: What does the word “amphibian” tell you about this group of vertebrates? _Amphibian means double life – An amphibian would have 2 distinct stages during its life cycle_______ Use the diagram of the frog life cycle to answer questions 2, 3 & 4 At what stage in an amphibian’s life does it live in the water? __egg, embryo, tadpole__ At what stage do amphibians live on land? ____Adult____ Where do female amphibians lay their eggs? ________Water________

Station 3- Amphibians How do larval amphibians respire? (circle all that apply) gills and skin How do adult amphibians respire? (circle all that apply) Lungs and skin Which body system goes through a major change when a tadpole becomes an adult frog? ___Skeletal and respiratory___ In order for amphibians to respire through their skin they keep their skin moist with mucus. Explain what might happen to a frog if it was covered in an exoskeleton. _it could not exchange gasses__________ Give an example of metamorphosis in amphibians. tadpole to frog

Station 4: Reptiles – Pgs. 797-805 Reptiles were the first type of animal to Lay eggs on land. Explain why each of the following adaptations is beneficial and necessary for living on land. Lungs: Exchange gasses in air Scaly skin: Prevent desiccation (drying out) Eggs with protective membrane – reduces water loss Which part of an amniotic egg makes it beneficial for terrestrial living? ____Shell – prevent drying out______ What concern do oviparous animals have that viviparous animals do not have? Protection of their eggs

Station 4- Reptiles Which body system is different between oviparous and viviparous animals? ___reproductive_________ Which type of reproduction produces an amniotic egg? ____Oviparous____________ Reptiles are ectothermic, which means the environment controls the temperature of the body. How might you see a reptile warming itself up? _____________in the sun_________________ As a reptile grows its scaly skin does not grow with it. What do reptiles have to do to grow? (Hint: think of arthropods and how they grow) Molt or shed their skin

Station 5: Birds – Pgs. 806-813 Explain why birds are endothermic? They control their own body temp. What characteristic do birds have that separates them from all other animals? Feathers_ List 4 adaptations that enable birds to fly: a. Feathers b. Strong chest muscles c. Highly efficient digestion, respiration and circulatory systems d. Strong lightweight bones Look at the pictures on the left side of pg. 808. Explain why these birds’ beaks are different, even though they are closely related. They have different habitats and/or different food supply.

Station 5- Birds Explain why a one-way flow of air is an excellent respiratory adaption. The lungs are constantly supplied with oxygen rich air What does a double-loop circulatory system ensure? The muscles are always supplied with Oxygen rich blood Are birds viviparous, ovoviviparous, or oviparous? Oviparous

Create a chart or Venn Diagram to show similarities and differences between birds and mammals.

Station 6: Mammals – Pgs. 821-832 List 5 characteristics of all mammals. a. Hair b. Nourish young with milk c. Breathe Air d. 4 chambered heart e. endothermic What feature do female mammals have (pg. 821)? Mammary glands Why are kangaroos considered marsupials? They give birth to live young very early in the development__ Explain why the placenta is so important to many mammals. To nourish young in the mother____ Give an example of a mammal that is oviparous. Platypus

Station 6- Mammals Why are whales considered to be viviparous? They give birth to live young that were nourished by the mother inside her body How would you identify that an animal is a bird and not a mammal? Feathers, lay eggs (bird) vs. Hair, Live birth, female mammary glands (mammal) Explain why the structures shown are homologous to each other. ___common ancestor _____ Give an example of two analogous structures on different animals, and explain why they are analogous. Structures: Bird wing and bee wing Explain: structure used for same thing but not related (no common ancestor).