Diseases of the Urinary System

Cystitis Inflammation of the bladder usually caused by pathogens entering the urinary meatus More common in females because of the shortness of the urethra

Symptoms: (1) Frequent urination (2) Dysuria and a burning sensation during urination (3) Hematuria (4) Bladder spasm (5) Fever

Increased fluid intake Treatment: Antibiotics Increased fluid intake

Glomerulonephritis/Nephritis Inflammation of the glomerulus of the kidney Can be: Acute or Chronic

Acute Glomerulonephritis Usually follows a streptococcal infection such as strep throat, scarlet fever, or rheumatic fever Glomerulonephritis from scarlet fever

Cut surface of the kidney with glomerulonephritis

Acute Glomerulonephritis symptoms: Chills Fever Fatigue Edema Oliguria Hematuria albuminuria (protein in the urine)

Treatment: Rest Restriction of salt Maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance Antipyretics for fever Antibiotics With treatment kidney function is usually restored

Chronic Glomerulonephritis (1) Follows repeated attacks of acute glomerulonephritis (2) Progressive disease that causes scarring and sclerosing of the glomeruli Chronic Glomerulonephritis

Symptoms: Early symptoms: hematuria, albuminuria, hypertension As disease progresses, more glomeruli are destroyed Edema, fatigue, anemia, congestive heart failure Finally, renal failure and death occur

Treatment: Directed at measures to treat symptoms Low- sodium diet Antihypertensive drugs Maintenance of fluids and electrolytes Dialysis: removal of waste products from the blood by a hemodialysis machine Kidney transplant when both kidneys are severely damaged

Dialysis

Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the kidney tissue and renal pelvis Usually caused by pyogenic (pus forming) bacteria

Symptoms: Chills Fever Back pain Dysuria Hematuria Pyuria

Treatment: Antibiotics Increased fluid intake

Renal Calculus /Urinary Calculus Kidney stone formed when salts in the urine form a precipitate (settle out of solution) (1) Small calculi may be eliminated in the urine (2) Larger stones often become lodged in the renal pelvis or ureter

Kidney Stones

Symptoms: (1) Sudden intense pain known as renal colic (2) Hematuria and urinary retention

Treatment: (1) Increase fluids (2) Provide pain medication (3) Strain all urine through gauze or filter paper to see if the stones are eliminated (4) Lithotripsy: procedure that is used to crush the stones with shock waves to that they can be eliminated through the urine (5) Surgery to remove the calculi in some cases

Renal Failure Kidney stop functioning Can be Acute or Chronic

Acute renal failure (ARF) Cause by hemorrhage, shock, injury, poisoning, nephritis, or dehydration Chronic renal failure (CRF) Results from progressive loss of kidney function Causes: chronic glomerulonephritis, hypertension, toxins, and endocrine diseases Waste products accumulate in the blood and affect many body systems

Symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea Decreased mental ability Convulsions and muscle irritability Ammonia smell of the breath and perspiration Later stages: coma and death

Treatment: Dialysis and control of fluid intake Diet modifications and restrictions Careful skin and mouth care Kidney transplant is the only cure Tracy Morgan after transplant

Uremia Toxic condition that occurs when the kidneys fail and urinary waste products are present in the bloodstream Causes: (1) Any condition that affects proper function of the kidneys (2) Renal failure, chronic glomerulonephritis, hypertension

Symptoms: (1) Nausea and vomiting (2) Ammonia odor to the breath (3) Oliguria or anuria (4) Headache and mental confusion (5) Coma and death

Treatment: Restricted diet Dialysis until a kidney transplant can be performed

Urethritis Inflammation of the urethra Causes: bacteria such as gonococcus, viruses, or chemicals such as bubble bath solutions

Symptoms: (1) Frequent and painful urination (2) Redness and itching at urinary meatus (3) Purulent (pus) discharge

Treatment: (1) Sitz baths or warm moist compresses (2) Antibiotics (3) Increased fluid intake