Achievement Standard 2.1 3 Credits What’s on offer and why? Achievement Standard 2.1 3 Credits

Critical Thinking in Physical Education “Examining, Questioning, Evaluating and Challenging taken-for-granted assumptions about issues and practices”. In order to engage in critical thinking, the following steps can be used:

STEPS IN CRITICAL THINKING ANALYSIS State assumption/opinion/statement (to be investigated) in terms of personal knowledge. Consider personal knowledge about assumption/opinion/statement in relation to commonly held beliefs (Where did the belief originate from? Whose interests are disadvantaged? What evidence is there to support a belief? Whose interests are advantaged?) Compare commonly held beliefs with accepted/reputable sources of knowledge (WHO, Textbooks, Senior PE research)

STEPS IN CRITICAL THINKING ANALYSIS Consider SPEECH perspectives S Societal influences (eg community involvement) P Political influences (eg government funding) E Economics influences (eg involvement of the media) E Environmental influences (eg support of family and friends) C Cultural influences (eg European and Maori attitudes) H Historical influences (eg traditions)   Revisit any original assumption/opinion/statement and explain any changes in personal opinion

Health Activity: You have 3 minutes in your groups to come up with a definition of what you think health is…

Viewing Health Some people believe health is an individual’s responsibility and can be controlled by managing the physical conditions (eg balanced diet) in a person’s life – healthism. Others believe that health is multidimensional and must be looked at through various areas of well-being (eg social and spiritual well-being) – hauora. Most people agree that health and well-being are determined by a number of personal, interpersonal and societal factors.

Healthism Healthism embraces the concept of the body as a machine that must be maintained and kept in tune (in a similar way to a motor car). See table in book

Hauora Hauora is Maori philosophy of health unique to New Zealand, taking a holistic approach to health, dividing a person’s well-being (state of health) into four main areas: Physical well-being (taha tinana), Mental and Emotinal well-being (taha hinengaro), Social well-being (taha whanau), Spiritual well-being (taha wairua) Complete the activity in your books

Interrelationship of the dimensions of Hauora Each area influences and supports each other, to allow the individual total well-being. When functioning properly, these areas form a whole and well-rounded individual. None of these aspects can function alone, and each overlaps with all the other aspects of well-being. For example having a high level of physical well-being will make an individual feel good about themselves and transfer positively to their mental and emotional dimension of well-being.

Influences on Health Explanation Example Societal Interpersonal

a person may go to they gym in order to ‘hang out’ with their friends. Influences on Health Explanation Example Societal What society accepts as normal; cultural values; influence of the media; government policies; state of the economy and globalization (international trends) a person may go to they gym because of media advertising which makes it attractive. Interpersonal How friends and family influence a person with their attitudes, values and behaviours. a person may go to they gym in order to ‘hang out’ with their friends. Personal Personal attitudes, values, beliefs and behaviours. a person may go to they gym because they want to see their muscles becoming more toned.

Concepts of Physical Activity What do you think Physical Activity is? SPARC’s definition: ‘movement required on a daily basis to sustain health; physical activity opportunities include sport, active recreation, physical education, fitness activities, active transport and play’

Concepts of Physical Activity Play: Most basic form of physical activity. Often made up, done when convenient for fun and enjoyment. Non-competitive, no rules, no boundaries. Games: Competitive and have rules. Less serious as not as organised. Purely for fun – more chance rather than skill.

Concepts of Physical Activity Work-related Activity: Structured and organised, non-competitive. Household chores to heavy lifting, can include walking Recreation: Planned, no rules or boundaries. Enjoyment but not competitive. Flexible, unstructured and requires no continual commitment.

Concepts of Physical Activity Exercise: The Ministry of Health has defined exercise as ‘physical activity that is planned or structured’ Repetitive movement done to improve physical fitness, including cardio-respiratory fitness, strength, flexibility and body composition. Sport: Highly structured and competitive physical activity. Organised with rules, uniform and playing code. Has organisations and often run like a business.

General or Health Related Fitness General or health related fitness is the ability of the body to cope with the demands of everyday life. Cardiovascular Endurance/aerobic fitness: The ability of the heart, lungs and blood vessels to take up and deliver oxygen to working muscles for long periods of time. Strength: The force that a group of muscles can exert in one maximal exertion or contraction.   Flexibility: The ability of a joint to move through its full range of motion. Speed: The ability to quickly get the body moving.

General or Health Related Fitness Muscular Endurance: The ability of a muscle or group of muscles to contract repeatedly over a long period of time. Body Composition: The make up of the body which is the ratio of body fat to lean body tissue, such as muscle and bone   Stamina: The ability of the body to continuously complete an activity You need a minimum level of fitness in each area, to cope with life, the level a person needs depends on the environment.

Factors Influencing Participation What factors do you think influence an individuals participation in terms of… Personal Interpersonal Societal

Risks of Physical Activity What are some risks of physical activity? Injury Personal exposure Overuse Accidents Illness Addiction Social Exclusion Choose two of the risks and explain them in more detail

Personal Barriers to Physical Activity Time Constraints Feelings/beliefs Social Interactions Physical Constraints

Personal Factors Influencing Health and Physical Activity Physical Attributes Culture Body Shape Age Gender

Lifestyle Choices that influence wellbeing Having personal hygiene Managing mental health Having Healthy relationships Balanced Diet Seeking specialist help when needed Maintaining healthy body weight Having future ambitions Participating in Physical Activity Avoiding or reducing exposure to harmful behaviours Answer the two questions on the bottom of the page.

Interpersonal Influences on Physical Activity Interpersonal factors influence a young person’s participation in physical activity come mainly from; attitudes, values and behaviours of family and friends. Young people are easily led and therefore other people have significant influences over young people. How does family influence participation? What sport do your parents play or that they played back in the day? Are there similarities to what you have chosen to play? Who are the three most influential people that have had a significant influence on your participation in sports? Give one example of how your peers can encourage you to participate in sport Give one example of how they can discourage you to participate

Societal Influences on Physical Activity Many influences can affect people’s health in society. Some of these factors are controlled by the government, which means it is not possible for individuals to have total control over their health. These factors can contribute to people’s sickness and disease as well as their ability to maintain an active lifestyle through being able to access health and physical activity resources. This concept of health recognizes that social factors affect health and highlights the responsibility of government and society in improving them.

Societal Influences on Physical Activity Identify 5 different influences on Physical Activity in society Value of activity Facilities Community infrastructure Government health and physical activity agents eg SPARC Media and fashion Pick two of the above societal influences on Physical Activity and further explain them

Political Influences of Physical Activity Ministry of Education (eg SPARC) Local Governments Department of Conservation

Economic Influences on Physical Activity Participating in sport is becoming more expensive, with increasing sums of money needed for: Fees Equipment Transport Food Clothing Coaching Accommodation

Economic Influences on Physical Activity How can the money factor influence an individual’s participation in physical activity? Depending on the amount of money an individual has access to influences the opportunity he or she has to participate in his choice of physical activities. For example hockey costs a lot of money. A child from a low income family may not have the money available for him/her to play hockey. How can it be seen as a disadvantage to an individual? Because they are not able to do what they really want participate in. Equipment may not be up to standard. They could be looked down at by other children.

Environmental Influences on Physical Activity Identify some of the environmental influences on physical activity: Weather Conditions Area you live in Maintenance of facilities/resources Access to facilities What are the impacts of these environmental influences on physical activity? An individual may be restricted to a certain range of activities which they can participate in. Individuals are usually reliant on the surrounding environment and the maintenance of facilities. If they are not kept well maintained, individuals are usually discouraged.

Cultural Influences on Physical Activity Nations around the world have a wide range of traditions associated with physical activity. Some sports allow people to reflect their cultural identity through being successful in activities in which their heroes and peers are recognized and well known. Describe two examples of poor sporting behaviour recently covered in the media, and how these might influence people’s participation in the sport.   Name 2 sporting achievements that NZ has experienced as a nation in 2011, that is not commonly promoted through the media. How might culture limit someone’s involvement in sport? They may not be able to play sport on Sunday due to religion.

Historical Influences on Physical Activity Identify some of the historical influences on physical activity: What is accepted in society What you have been exposed to What different communities promote What are the impacts of these historical influences on physical activity? An individual may be influenced by historical traits as to which physical activities they are able to do.

Marketing Health and Fitness (Media) Media advertising commonly uses unrealistic body images (such as slim and muscular models to promote health products. This is doe to male people think that if they use the advertised product they can achieve dramatic success and improve their body shape. Health fitness products are often are marketed using features that are appealing to look at. Things to look at when selling a product are: Emotional imagery, Social Acceptance, Shape and good looks, Sex appeal.

Marketing Health and Fitness (Media) – Fashion in Sport Sports clothing is a multimillion dollar industry – 1999 $142 million was spent on sports clothing and footwear by New Zealand households. People that participate in physical activity often feel pressure by buy certain types of sports clothing ‘in order to fit in’. This message is promoted by sportswear companies advertising using attractive, you should wear our clothing. Sportswear companies regularly change their range (through using trendy logos, catchphrases, new design features and new products) to encourage people to buy new styles ‘to keep up to date’. Example: Sports top $45-50, Pants $ 50-70, Socks $10, Sneakers $180-300, Hat $30 etc

Marketing Health and Fitness (Media) – Promoting Unhealthy Products People are becoming increasingly exposed to medial advertising campaigns promoting products that can endanger people’s health. Liquor advertising (commonly promoted in conjunction with rugby) encourages people to drink alcohol in order ‘to look cool’. Society is saturated with advertising from companies trying to sell young people potentially health-damaging products (eg fast food and alcohol) in order to make money. They do this by advertising their products being used by people having fun, looking attractive, and being popular. This can influence people to make health-damaging choices in an attempt to ‘fit in’ with what they perceive as acceptable to their peers.

Marketing Health and Fitness (Media) – Healthy Lifestyles Companies use messages about health and fitness to promote and give integrity to their products. They do this by getting successful sports people to link health and fitness benefits with their products.

The Rising Cost of Healthcare The government spends billions of dollars each year providing treatment for disease and illness. Hospitals and surgical services are becoming overloaded as more people need treatment for cardiovascular disease (heart disease, hypertension and stroke), cancer and diabetes. This increase in costs is set to double in the next ten years as more people need treatment for illnesses caused partly as a result of a poor diet and not doing enough physical activity. The New Zealand government is trying to promote healthy living and trying to get people to take responsibility for their own health in order to decrease government spending on healthcare.

Influences of the Media The media has a large influence on a person’s participation in physical activity. Some of these are listed below, you need to explain and give examples of this.   Broadcasting aesthetically pleasing images To encourage males in particular to watch sport eg fights, cheerleaders Promoting particular activities and role models Usually dominant sports eg rugby to encourage and promote the sport. Poor behaviour Emphasising players of international level showing that they do act inappropriately on/off the sports field and they should be seen as role models. eg Zac Guilford, Jesse Ryder.

Influences of the Media Unhealthy products If athletes are portrayed as consuming unhealthy products then it is seen to be as ok or normal and that the general public is ok to consume these products. Portrayal of the body Images of the well toned athlete are portrayed indicating that this is how one could/should look leaving individuals having concerns about their size and looks.

Gender Differences in Physical Activity Involvement in physical activity is influenced by being either male or female. Gender is a ‘social construction’ which means it is what society teaches us about what it means to be male and female. Activity – complete the table in your books on the differences between males and females

Technological Influences on Physical Activity What are the assumptions we think about technology and physical activity? The more technology eg PS3, TV, computer people use, the bigger they are and the less physical activity they do. This has implications for individuals weight. What are some other assumptions we make about young people, technology and physical activity? Young people who are overweight are generally overweight because the spend too much time sitting down watching TV and playing video games.

Lifestyle Analysis Activity: Answer the questions in your workbook Lifestyle refers to the way you live your life. The components interact to make up your lifestyle, they are; work (paid, unpaid or study), recreation (passive or active), exercise, relaxation and sleep. Care must be taken to incorporate the right amount of each component to create a lifestyle that is healthy. Other elements of lifestyle include; diet, drug use and other health issues. Activity: Answer the questions in your workbook