1. Consider your audience 2. Select and narrow your topic 3. Determine and develop your general purpose, specific purpose and central idea 4. Gather your materials 5. Organize your speech 6. Rehearse your speech 7. Deliver your speech

 Own experience  Own knowledge  Interview  Research

1. Consider your audience 2. Select and narrow your topic 3. Determine and develop your general purpose, specific purpose and central idea 4. Gather your materials 5. Organize your speech 6. Rehearse your speech 7. Deliver your speech

 It allows you and the listeners to see what ideas you have and to put mental “hands” on the most important ones.  Listeners who hear a well-organized speech believe a speaker to be much more competent and trustworthy.  Listeners demand coherence. A speaker must make sure listeners can follow the progression of ideas in a speech from beginning to end.  Using a clear and specific method of speech organization can boost your confidence as a speaker and improve your ability to deliver a message fluently.

The introduction sets the tone of the entire speech. The introduction should be brief and to the point as it accomplishes these several important tasks. your audience makes strong assumptions about you during the first eight or ten seconds of your speech. For this reason, you need to start solidly and launch the topic clearly. Typically, there are six main components of an effective introduction.

1. Capture the attention of your audience. 2. Authenticate the value ‘What’s in it for me?”. 3. Prove your credibility. 4. Reveal the topic of your speech. 5. Preview the body of the speech.

 Relate the topic to your audience, why they should be interested (what’s in it for them), why you are talking about it (experience/qualifications/credibility)  Startle the audience with an arresting or intriguing statement.  Refer to a shocking statistic.  Question the audience.  Begin with a quotation.  Tell a story.  Ask audience to imagine themselves in a situation.

A story Humour One dark summer night in 1849, a young woman in her 20's left Bucktown, Maryland, and followed the North Star. What was her name? Harriet Tubman. She went back some 19 times to rescue her fellow slaves. And as James Blockson relates in a 1984 issue of National Geographic, by the end of her career, she had a $40, price on her head. This was quite a compliment from her enemies (Blockson 22).  "I'm feeling boxed in." [PAUSE] I'm not sure, but these may have been Henry "Box" Brown's very words after being placed on his head inside a box which measured 3 feet by 2 feet by 2 1\2 feet for what seemed to him like "an hour and a half." He was shipped by Adams Express to freedom in Philadelphia (Brown 60,92; Still 10). Video is unavailable at this time

Rhetorical questionUnusual statement Have you ever heard of a railroad with no tracks, with secret stations, and whose conductors were considered criminals?  "Follow the drinking gourd. That's what I said, friend, follow the drinking gourd." This phrase was used by slaves as a coded message to mean the Big Dipper, which revealed the North Star, and pointed toward freedom.

QuotationStatistics  "No day dawns for the slave, nor is it looked for. It is all night-- night forever...." (Pause) This quote was taken from Jermain Loguen, a fugitive who was the son of his Tennessee master and a slave woman.  Today, John Elway's talents are worth millions, but in 1840 the price of a human life, a slave, was worth $1,000.00

Prepare an introduction for the speech: Global warming

1. Main points 2. Supporting points 3. Connectives/Signposts

 Select them carefully.  Phrase them precisely.  Organize them strategically. 1. Chronological order 2. Spatial order 3. Causal order 4. Topical order 5. Problem solving order

Chronological: this uses time sequence for a framework Example:Political Ethics: How have they changed in the US ? I II III. 2000

Specific purpose: To inform my audience of the steps in getting a professional tattoo. Central idea: There are four main steps in getting a professional tattoo. Main points: I. First, the skin is shaved and sterilized in the area to be tattoo. II. Second, the main lines of the tattoo are traced on the skin with a machine called an outliner. III. Third, coloured pigments are applied inside the outline with a machine called a shader. IV. Fourth, the tattoo is sterilized and bandaged.

Spatial: this organizes material according to physical space Example:Economic Recovery: What can we expect? I.East II.South III.West

Specific purpose: To inform my audience about the design of the Eiffel Tower. Central idea: The Eiffel Tower is divided into three sections which are the lowest, middle and top sections. Main points: I. The lowest section of the tower contains the entrance, a gift shop and a restaurant. II. The middle section of the tower consists of stairs and elevators that lead to the top. III. The top section of the tower includes an observation deck with a spectacular view of Paris.

Cause/Effect/Solution: first part describes the cause of a problem, the second describes its effect and the third presents a solution Example:School Finance: How should we reform it? I.Cause II.Effect III.Solution

Specific purpose: To inform my audience of the possible causes of the unusual occurrences in the Bermuda Triangle. Central idea: The causes of the unusual occurrences in the Bermuda Triangle have not yet been fully explained. Main points: I. Many unusual occurrences have taken place in the Bermuda Triangle. II. Experts have outlined major effects of the occurrences. III. Three solutions are provided to minimize the effects/ occurences.

Topical: this is when you have several ideas to present and one idea seems naturally to precede the other Example:What issues will determine the 2004 Presidential Election? I. Health Care II. Economy III. National Security

Specific purpose: To inform my audience about the uses of lasers. Central idea: Lasers harness the power of light for a wide range of uses, namely, in science, industry and medicine. Main points: I. Lasers have many important uses in science. II. Lasers have become indispensable to industry. III. Lasers are revolutionizing the practice of medicine.

Problem/Solution: first part of a speech outlines a problem and the second part presents a solution Example:What should the government do to prevent terrorism? I.Problem II.Solution

Specific purpose: To inform my audience about the problems caused by global warming and steps to overcome the problem. Central idea: The problems caused by global warming can be overcome through world cooperation, governmental intervention and commitment from everyone. Main points: I. Global warming is a major problem that has caused climate change, agricultural destruction and mutation of diseases. II. Three major ways to overcome the problem of global warming are through world cooperation, governmental intervention and commitment.

Past/Present/Future: first part of the speech discuss the past, second the present and the third predicts the future Example:Is Social Security doomed? I. Past II. Present III. Future

 Supporting materials are backup ideas for the main points.  Directly support and are relevant to the main points.

To start  Firstly, we’re going to …  Let me begin by …  I would like to start by … Preview of the main points  Let me briefly take you through what we’ll be looking at today. Transitions  Another area of consideration …  Let’s change direction for a moment …  Finally, …  So what have we looked at so far? Well … Conclusion  Thank you for listening so patiently.  Now, does anyone have any questions?

 Transitions Eg: We have spent a lot of time talking about the problem. It’s time now to discuss the solution.  Internal previews Eg: (Transition) Now that we have seen serious the problem of missing children is, let’s take a look at some solutions. (Internal preview) I will focus on three in particular – stronger legal custody laws to …and…Let’s consider them in turn.  Internal summaries Eg: In going back over the effects of …  Signposts Eg: The first cause… the final contributing cause is…

1. Signal the end of the speech by using cues like: Ending words Voice characteristics – tone, pace, rhythm 2. Reinforce the central idea by: Restating the main points. Emphasize what you want your audience to do or think. Use a quotation or dramatic statement, if appropriate. Refer to the introduction. “ A speech is like a love affair, any fool can start one but to end it requires considerable skill.”

Title : General purpose : Specific purpose : Central idea : I. INTRODUCTION A. Open with impact Transition to body of speech II. BODY A. Main point 1 i. Supporting details 1 ii. Supporting details 2 Transition to main point 2 B. Main point 2 i. Supporting details 1 ii. Supporting details 2 Transition to main point 3 C. Main point 3 i. Supporting details 1 ii. Supporting details 2 Transition to conclusion III. CONCLUSION A. Summary of main points B. Close with impact/Call for action

1. Think of a speech topic (preferably one for your speech presentation). Create an introduction. In your introduction be sure to gain the attention of the audience, to reveal the topic and relate it to the audience, to establish your credibility, and to preview the body of the speech. 2. Using the same topic, create a speech conclusion. Be sure to let your audience know the speech ending, to reinforce the central idea, and to make the conclusion vivid and memorable.