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Lect 8W 2 The responsibilities of the Persuasive speaker: 1.To say something worth hearing (sound information). 2.To say something that can be heard (clear organization). 3.To say something that will be heard (audience engagement). 4.To answer all the audience's reasonable doubts & objections.

Lect 8W 3 Persuasion works more like this: Your listeners are your peers: they're going to think for themselves. You can help them by answering their questions.

Lect 8W 4 Consider Perhaps my aim in persuading is not conversion-- it's to get my audience to think. I expect people who think to reach the same, correct conclusion--eventually. Am I too hopeful?

Lect 8W 5 What you're going to need to meet your responsibility: 1.An appropriate topic you care about, passionately. 2.An accurate prediction of the doubts & objections your audience will raise. 3.An inventory of the kinds of replies you can give. next week

Lect 8W 6 I. The 3 Big Questions your audience is always going to ask about a policy. 1.What's the problem? (Lucas calls this: "need") 2.What's your plan? 3.Is it practical?

Lect 8W 7 Problem Issue Change is bad! If it's not broke, don't fix it! Stop interfering! your audience

Lect 8W 8 Problem Issue Why is she making us sit somewhere different??? YOU

Lect 8W 9 Problem Issue What's the problem? Why do we need to change? your audience

Lect 8W 10 Problem Issue Is a car really as expensive as you claim? YOU Is climate change real?

Lect 8W 11 Some doubt global warming

Lect 8W 12 But crude oil prices hit a record high Monday.

Lect 8W 13 Plan Issue What exactly is your plan? Your audience

Lect 8W 14 Practicality Issue Will your plan solve the problem? What are its other disadvantages? Your audience

Lect 8W 15 Practicality Issue How am I going to get home on the weekend? YOU What about nights, when there's no bus?

Lect 8W 16 Question of Policy To persuade my audience that we should do X.

Lect 8W 17 To persuade my audience... that we should carpool more. that we should recycle more. that we should switch to compact flourescent lightbulbs. that each of us should buy a hybrid (or hydrogen, or electric, or bio-diesel) car. that each of us should plant a tree. that we should bring our own shopping bags. that we should buy local. that we should stop buying disposable goods. that we should unplug appliances. that we should stop eating meat. that we should vote. (Note: Clinton, Obama and McCain all have anti-global-warming plans.)

Lect 8W 18 To persuade my audience... that ISU should adopt a mandatory recycling policy. that ISU should purchase alternative energy. that Ames should require all high school students to take a course about global warming. That Des Moines should adopt a zoning law requiring development to be denser & more centralized. that Iowa should not license any new electric plants which burn fossil fuels. that Iowa should give tax breaks to companies that produce or use renewable energy. that the US should raise the minimum mpg for vehicles ("CAFE standards"). that the US should fund more research into global warming. that the US should fund more public transportation.

Lect 8W 19 Do it yourself. What's the Problem? What exactly is your Plan? Is your plan Practical? –Will it work to solve the problem? –What are all its disadvantages (& advantages)? TOPIC:

Lect 8W 20 II. Some of the questions your audience is going to ask about your sources (according to ISU Librarians). Who is the author of the website? What are the author's credentials? Is the author an authority on the subject? Is it another student? A professor? Your next door neighbor? Is the author an organization? What do you know (or what can you find out) about this organization? What is its purpose? Is the site well edited? Are there spelling or grammatical errors? Is it written in a style that you would expect for the topic and audience? How current is the information? What is the purpose of the site? To inform? To sell? To persuade? Who is the intended audience? Advanced researchers in a field? Elementary school students? Members of a particular organization or viewpoint? If there is advertising on the page, does this affect the content? (lots & lots more...)

Lect 8W 21 site 1 Question #1: Expertise? Does the person who wrote this know what he/she is talking about?

Lect 8W 22 site 2 Question #2: Bias? Does the person who wrote this have financial or ideological interests which significantly distort his/her judgment?

Lect 8W 23 site 3 How do you figure out when to trust OK-looking internet sites?

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Lect 8W 26 Other instances where we trust outside evaluators Letters of reference for job applicants Second opinions for medical problems Consumer Reports for major appliances Endorsements for presidential candidates Student ratings of professors (when public) The EnergyStar seal of approval for energy- efficient products

Lect 8W 27 "Outside evaluation" of information: Editors of major newspapers & magazines Peer review of articles in scholarly journals Review of medical information on WebMD Librarians' collection of sources on our Instruction Commons website: our "virtual library"

Lect 8W 28 Our "virtual library"

Lect 8W 29 NOTE: Academic OneFile replaces "Expanded Academic ASAP" A REQUIRED resource from the "virtual library"

Lect 8W 30 The three big questions for internet sources: Expertise: Does the person who wrote this know what he/she is talking about? Bias: Does the person who wrote this have financial or ideological interests which significantly distort his/her judgment? Review: Has this information been reviewed by a neutral party?

Lect 8W 31 Try it yourself: Would your audience trust these websites? ARTBA Mankiw Academic OneFile

Lect 8W What specific claim(s) does the speaker make on the Problem (Need) Issue? How does the speaker support his/her claim(s)? 10. What specific actions is the speaker calling for in his/her claims on the Plan Issue? How does the speaker support his/her claim that the Plan will solve the Problem? 11. What specific claim(s) does the speaker make on the Practicality Issue? How does the speaker support his/her claim(s)? Identify one objection to Practicality that the audience is likely to make, which the speaker has not dealt with in the speech. 12. What is the least credible Source cited by the speaker? Why isn't it credible? What have we accomplished today? [1-8. As for the Informative Speech.] 9. What specific claim(s) does the speaker make on the Problem (Need) Issue? How does the speaker support his/her claim(s)? 10. What specific actions is the speaker calling for in his/her claims on the Plan Issue? How does the speaker support his/her claim that the Plan will solve the Problem? 11. What specific claim(s) does the speaker make on the Practicality Issue? How does the speaker support his/her claim(s)? Identify one objection to Practicality that the audience is likely to make, which the speaker has not dealt with in the speech. 12. What is the least credible Source cited by the speaker? Why isn't it credible? 13. Identify two distinct methods the speaker uses in the body of the speech to enhance his/her credibility appeals (ethos). 14. Identify two distinct methods of reasoning the speaker uses in the body of the speech to enhance his/her logical appeals (logos). 15. Identify two distinct methods the speaker uses in the body of the speech to enhance his/her emotional appeals (pathos). 16. Identify and evaluate one use of expert testimony in the speech. 17. Identify and evaluate one use of statistics in the speech. 18.Identify and evaluate one use of an example in the speech. 19. What is the one positive comment about the speech that this speaker most needs to hear now? (Not including delivery.) 20. What is the one negative comment about the speech that this speaker most needs to hear now? (Not including delivery.) The Persuasion analysis questions.

Lect 8W 33 Immediate tasks: Friday: Lab Monday: Lecture Persuasive Topics & Problem/ Plan/Practicality analysis due Quiz #6

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