Cytology I. Introduction A. Definition B. How to Study? 1. Microscopy

a. Light Microscopy (LM) i. Advantages Magnification Resolution Depth of Field ii. Types Figure 6.3

b. Electron Microscopy (EM) i. Advantages Magnification Resolution Depth of Field ii. Types TEM SEM Figure 6.4

2. Cell Fractionalization

a. Technique b. Advantages i. Whole samples ii. Specificity Figure 6.5 b. Advantages i. Whole samples ii. Specificity iii. Starting Point

3. Cell Staining

a. Vital Staining for Contrast

b. Antibody Staining More Specific Contrast

II. Parts of a Cell A. Barriers 1. Cell Walls

a. Prokaryotes

a. Prokaryotes

b. Fungi

c. Plants Figure 5.7

c. Plants

c. Plants Figure 6.28

2. Cell Membrane

B. Cytosol = Cell Sap

1. Consistency 2. Molecular make-up like thickening Jell-O 92% is water, 7% protein, and the rest is gases, salts, lipids, and the like dissolved in the water

Representative Animal Cell Figure 6.9

Representative Plant Cell Figure 6.9

C. Organelles = Cell Machinery 1. Membrane Bound

a. Nucleus = the keeper of the plans Envelope, pores, and nucleolus Figure 6.10

b. Endomembrane System = rER, sER, and Golgi Figure 6.12 Figure 6.13

c. House cleaners -> Lysosome or Peroxisome Figure 6.14

d. Energy Transformers = Chloroplast & Mitochondria Figure 6.17 Figure 6.18

e. Vacuoles i. Animal Types = Food or Contractile ii. Plant Types = Central, Amyloplasts, & Chromoplasts

2. Non-Membrane Bound

a. Cytoskeleton Figure 6.20

b. Ribosomes c. Centriole Figure 6.11 Figure 6.22

D. Cellular Specializations 1. Microvilli 2. Cilia

Microvilli = short non-moving membrane extensions to increase cell’s overall surface area Cilia = long, moving internal cellular extensions to move something across the cell surface.

3. Flagella

Flagella move the entire cell Figure 6.24

Flagella move the entire cell Figure 6.25

E. Intercellular Junctions 1. Plants 2. Animals

Plants Animals Desmosomes Gap Junctions Figure 6.28 Figure 4.11

F. Extracellular Matrix

Focus on the goal.