Homework: OL 13.2 Pt 1 (stop at “Free Exercise”) FrontPage: OL on your desk. 1.Sanction (via French, from Latin sanctio(n-) can mean ‘give official permission/approval for (an action)’ or conversely, ‘impose a penalty on. 2.“Oversight is the noun form of two verbs with contrary meanings, “oversee” and “overlook.” “Oversee,” to look at from above, means ‘supervise’; “overlook” means to fail to see or miss 3.Left can mean either remaining or departed. If the gentlemen have withdrawn to the drawing room for after-dinner cigars, who’s left? (The gentlemen have left and the ladies are left.) 4.Dust is a noun turned into a verb meaning either to add or to remove the thing in question. Only the context will tell you which it is. When you dust are you applying dust or removing it? It depends whether you’re dusting the crops or the furniture. 5.Seed can also go either way. If you seed the lawn you add seeds, but if you seed a tomato you remove them. Words which are their own opposites.

Background Background and Incorporation

 In a general sense, it is a list of specific rights and protections given to citizens. ◦ There are bills of rights in both the US and state constitutions, and other kinds of bills of rights, too.  Patient’s BoR, credit card BoR, Canadian BoR, Fundamental Rights of India, etc. The US Bill of Rights, however, is mostly a list of what the national government CANNOT do to its citizens

The Constitutional Convention  Framers don’t include specific list of individual rights of citizens **Many states already had Bills of Rights in their own constitutions

Recall that at the Constitutional Convention, there were two main factions (opposing groups)…  Federalists – thought state’s BoR’s would safeguard individual liberty  Anti-Federalists – w/out a national BoR, feared central government would have too much control over individuals ◦ Ratification of Constitution in doubt without BoR **Some states want assurances of a national Bill of Rights

Const. ratified (1789) with understanding that BOR would be proposed  James Madison proposes 12 amendments to 1 st Congress (1789) ◦ **First 10 amendments ratified by 1791  17 more amendments ratified between 1791 and today

 Are state gov’s required to follow the national BoR as well as their own?  Barron vs. Baltimore (1833)  However, after the ratification of the 14 th amendment…things change.

Section 1. …No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. The Process of applying the rights in the BOR to the states – requires state gov’s to provide/obey all national rights/protections Done through various Supreme Court decisions using the “States Deprive” clause of the Fourteenth amendment…more later.

 **Not every amendment has been incorporated  (missing: 3 rd, 10 th, parts of 5 th, 7 th 8 th )

 There is no doubt that the Bill of Rights is an important document ◦ Despite the fact that most people agree with its provisions, there is always conflict about the rights and protections contained within  The reason for this conflict is because people have conflicting values ◦ These values often come into play when people try to exercise their rights in ways that others don’t like, or when government tries to prevent a group from exercising its rights.  Understanding the values which underlie arguments about rights is a good starting point for developing our own opinions on what these rights mean…