4.1.4 Collection and Processing of Household Data 1 UPA Package 4, Module 1 COLLECTION AND PROCESSING OF HOUSEHOLD DATA

4.1.4 Collection and Processing of Household Data 2 Collection and Processing of Household Data Household data sources Household questionnaires Sampling methods Processing of household data

4.1.4 Collection and Processing of Household Data 3 Household Data Sources National Census (frequency, coverage) Regular national household surveys (frequency, sample) International household surveys (DHS) Ad-hoc surveys (research) Use of household data in combination with other data sources DHS: Demographic and Health Surveys

4.1.4 Collection and Processing of Household Data 4 Household Data Sources Structured personal interview with standard questions (and sequence of questions) similar for all respondents (e.g. Census) Meaning of questions similar for all households Interviewer attitude and experience Semi-structured and non-structured interviews

4.1.4 Collection and Processing of Household Data 5 Household Data Sources Advantages of structured personal interviews: flexibility, high response rate Disadvantages: - costs, interviewer bias (principles of interviewing), lack of anonymity CENSUS frequency (every 10 years), availability (at which spatial level), quality/reliability, specific (poverty/habitat) data not covered by Census, why no traditional Census in the Netherlands?

4.1.4 Collection and Processing of Household Data 6 Household Data Sources Other Household data sources: National Samples Demographic and Health Surveys ( Ad-Hoc surveys (research, Urban Inequities UN-Habitat) Data mixture (combine surveys with auxiliary (large) data sets), small area statistics

4.1.4 Collection and Processing of Household Data 7 Household Data Sources Participatory data collection and/or expert knowledge Water scarcity in Nakuru/Kenya based on information from participatory mapping. The background images are a Landsat image overlaid by a QuickBird image covering the built- up area.

4.1.4 Collection and Processing of Household Data 8 Household Questionnaires Questions: ContentFacts and Opinions (Subjective experience) TypeClosed and Open-ended questions, contingency questions FormatCategories of possible answers, rating SequenceQuestions related to previous questions

4.1.4 Collection and Processing of Household Data 9 Household Questionnaires (Example 1) questionnaires are available under basic documentation

4.1.4 Collection and Processing of Household Data 10 Household Questionnaires Avoid bias Introduction and covering letter Wording Leading questions Gender Threatening questions Non-response Training/experience of interviewers

4.1.4 Collection and Processing of Household Data 11 Household Questionnaires (Example 2) Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS)

4.1.4 Collection and Processing of Household Data 12 Household Questionnaires (Example3) Urban Inequities Surveys Poverty, ill-health, unemployment, illiteracy, and the like, are concentrated in urban slums. The geography of poverty is shifting from rural to urban areas. water and sanitation module This module is to be administered once for each household visited. Record only one response for each question. If more than one response is given, record the most usual source or facility. 1. What is the main source of drinking water for members of your household? Piped into dwelling01 Piped into yard or plot02 Public tap03 Tube-well/borehole with pump04 Protected dug well05 Protected spring06 Rainwater collection07 Bottled water08 Unprotected dug well09 Unprotected spring10 Pond, river or stream11 Tanker-truck, vendor12 Other (specify) 01  Q.4 02  Q.4 Example of a question of the water module. Main water aspects: Source, time, quantity, price

4.1.4 Collection and Processing of Household Data 13 Household Questionnaires (Example 3) Urban Inequities Surveys Addis Ababa UN-HABITAT

4.1.4 Collection and Processing of Household Data 14 Sampling Why Sampling Total:Population and parameters Subset:Sampleand statistics Sampling Unit Single member of a sampling population Sampling frame All sampling units

4.1.4 Collection and Processing of Household Data 15 Sampling Sample Domain: a representative sample of n households for a city Sampling Frame: a list of e.g. census enumeration areas (EAs) with population and household survey and census Sample Selection: select a representative sample of households. Develop proportional clusters from which the sample of respondents could be drawn. Sampling Probabilities

4.1.4 Collection and Processing of Household Data 16 Sampling Methods Probability sampling methods Simple random sampling Stratified random sampling Systematic sampling Cluster sampling Non-probability sampling methods Convenience sampling Quota sampling Purposive/Focus sampling

4.1.4 Collection and Processing of Household Data 17 Sampling Size Factors influencing sample size Standard or sampling error, expected level of accuracy Sampling results related to parameters values Confidence interval and normal distributions Sampling distribution Non-sampling errors Measurement error Non response

4.1.4 Collection and Processing of Household Data 18 Sampling Size Sample size = s² / (S.E)² S=standard deviation S.E=standard error

4.1.4 Collection and Processing of Household Data 19 Processing of Household Data Describing Check for errors (obvious mistakes, outliers, missing values) Statistics, Tables, Graphs, Geo-Visualization (mapping) Single and composite variables Analysis Correlations, inductive statistics

Describing Check for errors (obvious mistakes, outliers, missing values) Statistics, Tables, Graphs, Geo-Visualization (mapping) Single and composite variables Analysis Correlations, inductive statistics Processing of Household Data Collection and Processing of Household Data 18